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crete a important question from it for 10 marks as...

Created on: May 9, 2025

Answered using O3 by Chat01

Question

Module 5_IOT.pptx

crete a important question from it for 10 marks as per mumbai university style and also give me the deatil asimple explaition of anser

Thought

Creating exam question

It seems the user wants to create an important 10-mark question in the style typically used for Mumbai University exams based on the content of the provided IoT PowerPoint presentation. The question format often includes sub-questions divided into parts (like 4 marks and 6 marks) or a single 10-mark question. After I extract content from the uploaded module, I'll generate the question and provide a simple explanation of the answer accordingly.

Creating exam question

The user's request is for an important 10-mark question, so I'll focus on creating a substantial exam question based on IoT concepts, specifically related to 6LoWPAN and RPL. Since Mumbai University exams often cover detailed explanations with examples, I could write a question that explains optimizations applied to IP for IoT, including header compression, fragmentation, and mesh addressing. I'll follow the example pattern with sub-part questions. I'll structure the question with part (a) and (b), ensuring it's both important and clear.

Thought for 26 seconds

Answer

10-Mark Question (Mumbai University Style)
Q.5

(a) Why is it necessary to optimise the Internet Protocol (IP) for Internet-of-Things (IoT) deployments that use low-power and lossy networks (LLNs)? (4 marks)

(b) With the aid of a neat, labelled sketch, describe how the 6LoWPAN adaptation layer allows IPv6 packets to be carried over IEEE 802.15.4 links by using (i) header compression, (ii) fragmentation, and (iii) mesh addressing. Explain how each of these mechanisms overcomes the constraints identified in part (a). (6 marks)

Simple, Detailed Answer

(a) Need for IP optimisation in IoT (4 marks)

IoT end-nodes often have very limited RAM/flash, tiny batteries and radio links that carry only a few dozen bytes per frame. Standard IPv6 expects a minimum MTU of 1280 bytes, 40-byte IPv6 headers and 8-byte UDP headers, which would leave almost no room for useful data, waste energy and increase collisions on a shared wireless channel. In addition, LLNs suffer from frequent packet loss, low data-rates and devices that sleep to save power. Therefore IP must be adapted (via gateways) or adopted in a lighter form so that constrained nodes can still interoperate with the global Internet while respecting their energy, memory and bandwidth limits.

(b) 6LoWPAN mechanisms (6 marks)

MechanismWhat it doesHow it tackles LLN limits
Header compressionCompresses the 40-byte IPv6 + 8-byte UDP header to as little as 6 bytes by eliding fields that can be inferred (link-local prefixes, pan ID, etc.).More than doubles the payload that fits in a 127-byte 802.15.4 frame, cutting airtime and energy use.
FragmentationSplits an IPv6 datagram across multiple 802.15.4 frames with a 4- or 5-byte fragmentation header carrying datagram size and offset.Allows nodes to send data larger than 127 bytes while still meeting IPv6’s 1280-byte MTU rule.
Mesh addressingAdds a small L2 header with Hop-Limit, Source- and Destination-addresses so that intermediate nodes forward the frame at layer 2 (mesh-under) without unpacking IPv6.Enables multi-hop forwarding without the overhead of full IPv6 routing at every hop, saving CPU, RAM and airtime.

A neat figure should show an 802.15.4 frame before and after optimisation, indicating compressed headers, fragmentation fields, and the mesh header stacked beneath IPv6/UDP.

Together, these three techniques let very small, battery-powered devices speak standards-based IPv6 end-to-end, while staying within the size, energy and reliability constraints of LLNs—achieving the goals outlined in part (a).

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