神经网络损失波动原因

创建于:2024年12月14日

使用 O1 回答 Chat01

问题

为什么神经网络的训练中损失会出现波动,神经网络如下

Redirect stdout to capture print outputs

class Tee(object):
def init(self, *files):
self.files = files
self.encoding = getattr(files[0], 'encoding', 'utf-8') # Add encoding attribute

text
def write(self, obj): for f in self.files: f.write(obj) f.flush() def flush(self): for f in self.files: f.flush()

output_file = open('7型修改控旋门', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
original_stdout = sys.stdout
tee = Tee(sys.stdout, output_file)
sys.stdout = tee

Configure Logger to use Tee

logger = logging.getLogger('my_sampler')
logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler(tee)
stream_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)

formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)

Remove default handlers to avoid duplicate logs

if not logger.handlers:
logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
else:
logger.handlers = []
logger.addHandler(stream_handler)

Set Qiskit log level to WARNING to suppress INFO logs

logging.getLogger('qiskit').setLevel(logging.WARNING)

def save_plot(fig, filename):
fig.savefig(filename)
plt.close(fig)

def plot_history(history):
# Plot training and validation accuracy
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
ax.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy')
if 'val_accuracy' in history.history:
ax.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
else:
print("Validation accuracy not found in history.")
ax.set_title('Model Accuracy')
ax.set_ylabel('Accuracy')
ax.set_xlabel('Epoch')
ax.legend(loc='upper left')
save_plot(fig, 'accuracy_plot.png')

text
# Plot training and validation loss fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5)) ax.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss') if 'val_loss' in history.history: ax.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss') else: print("Validation loss not found in history.") ax.set_title('Model Loss') ax.set_ylabel('Loss') ax.set_xlabel('Epoch') ax.legend(loc='upper right') save_plot(fig, 'loss_plot.png')

def calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(history):
if 'val_accuracy' in history.history:
accuracies = history.history['val_accuracy']
elif 'accuracy' in history.history:
accuracies = history.history['accuracy']
else:
print("Accuracy metric not found in history.")
return None, None
mean_accuracy = np.mean(accuracies)
fluctuation = np.sum(np.abs(accuracies - mean_accuracy))
return mean_accuracy, fluctuation

Define a quantum device with 11 qubits

dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=15)

Each neuron's encoding

def encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values):
# 第一组
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[0], wires=data_qubits['q3']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])

text
# 第二组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[1], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) # 第三组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[2], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) # 第四组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[3], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) # 第五组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[4], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) # 第六组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[5], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) # 第七组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[6], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) # 第八组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[7], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1])

Definition of swap gate

def apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2):
"""
Modular method to apply a controlled SWAP gate.

text
Parameters: - swap_qubit (int): Control qubit for the SWAP gate. - q_swap1 (int): First qubit to swap. - q_swap2 (int): Second qubit to swap. """ qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit) qml.CSWAP(wires=[swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2]) qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit)

@qml.qnode(dev, interface='tf', diff_method='backprop')
def quantum_neural_network(inputs, encoding_weights, rot_weights, entangle_weights):
control_qubits = [0, 1, 2]

text
# Neuron groups encoding_data = [ {'data_qubits': {'q2': 3, 'q3': 4}, 'swap_qubit': 5}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 6, 'q3': 7}, 'swap_qubit': 8}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 9, 'q3': 10}, 'swap_qubit': 11}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 12, 'q3': 13}, 'swap_qubit': 14} ] # Angle encoding: inputs are mapped to [0, pi/2] angles_q2_list = inputs # inputs shape is (4,) # Encoding weights mapped to angles_q3 angles_q3_list = encoding_weights # shape: (4, n_layers, 8) # 每个神经元中的每层如何编码(最终对该内容循环layers次) for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0]): # 每层的内容 # 每层完整编码特征值和权重值 for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data): swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] angle_q2 = angles_q2_list[idx] # scalar value angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, layer, :] # shape: (8,) # 编码一个神经元 encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values) # 每层编码旋转门和纠缠门 for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]): rot_angles = rot_weights[layer, qubit, :] # shape: (3,) qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit) # Apply parameterized entanglement gates for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1] - 1): qml.CRZ(entangle_weights[layer, qubit], wires=[qubit, qubit + 1]) # 每层每个神经元应用一次swap操作 for data_set in encoding_data: swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_qubits['q3'], data_qubits['q2']) measured_qubits = [5, 8, 11, 14] results = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(qubit)) for qubit in measured_qubits] return results

Define the quantum neural network layer

class QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
def init(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes):
super(QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer, self).init()
self.n_qubits = n_qubits
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.num_classes = num_classes

text
# Define encoding weights with L2 regularization initializer = tf.keras.initializers.GlorotUniform() regularizer = tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01) self.encoding_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(4, self.n_layers, 8), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='encoding_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # Define rotation layer weights with L2 regularization self.rot_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits, 3), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='rot_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # Define entangling weights with L2 regularization self.entangle_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits - 1), initializer=tf.keras.initializers.RandomUniform(0, 2 * np.pi), regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='entangle_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) def call(self, inputs): outputs_list = [] for i in range(tf.shape(inputs)[0]): x = inputs[i] x = tf.cast(x, tf.float32) result = quantum_neural_network(x, self.encoding_weights, self.rot_weights, self.entangle_weights) outputs_list.append(tf.cast(result, tf.float32)) outputs = tf.stack(outputs_list, axis=0) return outputs

Define the quantum neural network model

class QuantumNeuralNetwork(tf.keras.Model):
def init(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs):
super(QuantumNeuralNetwork, self).init(**kwargs)
self.n_qubits = n_qubits
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.num_classes = num_classes

text
# Quantum layer self.quantum_layer = QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes) # Classical layers self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01), dtype=tf.float32 ) self.dense2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 8, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01), dtype=tf.float32 ) # Output layer directly connected to quantum outputs self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01), dtype=tf.float32 # Ensure the output layer is float32 ) def call(self, inputs): q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs) x = self.dense1(q_output) x = self.dense2(x) return self.output_layer(x)

def is_quantum_model(model):
for layer in model.layers:
if isinstance(layer, QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer):
return True
elif hasattr(layer, 'layers'):
if is_quantum_model(layer):
return True
return False

思考

Examining neural network dynamics

I'm analyzing the fluctuations in loss during neural network training, considering factors like quantum neural networks, optimization issues, stochasticity, batch size, and model complexity.

Breaking down quantum influences

I'm considering stochastic gradient estimation, learning rate settings, architecture specifics, optimizer choices, batch size, numerical instability, and regularization, especially within the quantum neural network framework.

Thought for a couple of seconds

回答

在神经网络的训练过程中,损失(loss)出现波动是一个常见现象,尤其是在复杂模型或特定类型的网络(如量子神经网络)中。针对您提供的量子神经网络代码,以下是可能导致损失波动的主要原因及相应的解决方案:

1. 优化器选择与学习率设置

原因:

  • 学习率过高:如果学习率设置过高,优化器在参数空间中移动时可能会“跳过”最优解,导致损失函数在最优值附近来回波动。
  • 优化器本身的特性:某些优化器(如 SGD)在处理高维或复杂的损失曲面时,可能表现出较大的波动。

解决方案:

  • 调整学习率:尝试减小学习率,观察损失的变化情况。可以使用学习率调度器(如学习率衰减)在训练过程中动态调整学习率。
  • 更换优化器:尝试使用具有自适应学习率的优化器,如 Adam、RMSprop 等,这些优化器在许多情况下表现更稳定。

2. 批量大小(Batch Size)

原因:

  • 小批量训练:使用较小的批量大小会引入更多的梯度噪声,导致损失在训练过程中波动较大。

解决方案:

  • 增加批量大小:尝试增大批量大小,以减少梯度估计的方差,从而使损失曲线更加平滑。

3. 量子神经网络的固有噪声

原因:

  • 量子态的测量不确定性:量子计算中,测量结果具有随机性,导致每次前向传播的输出存在波动。
  • 量子模拟器的数值噪声:如果使用的是量子模拟器,其计算精度和数值稳定性也可能引入噪声。

解决方案:

  • 增加测量次数:通过增加测量次数(shots),可以减少测量结果的统计波动,获得更稳定的梯度估计。
  • 优化量子电路:简化量子电路,减少参数数量或层数,以降低系统的复杂性和噪声水平。

4. 网络架构与参数初始化

原因:

  • 复杂的网络架构:过于复杂的网络可能导致优化困难,特别是在量子神经网络中,参数空间更加复杂。
  • 不合适的参数初始化:不适当的参数初始化可能导致训练初期的梯度消失或爆炸,从而引发损失波动。

解决方案:

  • 简化网络架构:尝试减少量子层的深度或参数数量,观察损失的变化。
  • 优化参数初始化:使用适当的初始化方法(如 Xavier 或 He 初始化)来确保参数在训练开始时处于有利的位置。

5. 正则化与约束

原因:

  • 过强的正则化:过高的正则化系数(如 L2 正则化)可能限制了模型的表达能力,导致损失函数难以收敛。

解决方案:

  • 调整正则化系数:尝试减小正则化强度,观察其对损失曲线的影响。
  • 使用其他正则化方法:如 Dropout、Batch Normalization 等,来稳定训练过程。

6. 损失函数与评价指标

原因:

  • 不合适的损失函数:选择的损失函数可能与任务不匹配,导致训练不稳定。

解决方案:

  • 重新评估损失函数:确保所选损失函数适用于具体任务,必要时尝试其他损失函数。

7. 量子层的可微性与梯度计算

原因:

  • 梯度计算不准确:在量子神经网络中,梯度计算方法(如参数移位法)可能引入额外的误差或噪声。

解决方案:

  • 优化梯度计算方法:确保使用高精度的梯度计算方法,或尝试不同的梯度估计技术。
  • 验证梯度的正确性:通过梯度检查(gradient checking)等方法,确认梯度计算的准确性。

8. 数据预处理与标准化

原因:

  • 输入数据不稳定:未经过适当预处理或标准化的数据可能导致训练过程中的不稳定性。

解决方案:

  • 标准化输入数据:对输入数据进行归一化或标准化处理,以确保其分布适合模型的训练。

9. 模型的泛化能力

原因:

  • 过拟合或欠拟合:模型在训练集上的表现不稳定,可能由于过拟合或欠拟合引起。

解决方案:

  • 调整模型复杂度:根据具体情况,增加或减少模型的复杂度。
  • 使用交叉验证:通过交叉验证评估模型的泛化能力,确保模型在不同数据集上的表现一致。

10. 调试与监控

建议:

  • 监控训练过程:通过绘制训练和验证损失曲线,观察是否存在过拟合或其他异常现象。
  • 逐步调试:逐步简化模型,确认每一部分的功能是否正常,从而定位导致损失波动的具体原因。

结论

损失函数在训练过程中的波动可能由多种因素引起,尤其是在复杂的量子神经网络中更为显著。建议从以下几个方面入手进行排查和优化:

  1. 优化器与学习率:调整学习率,尝试不同的优化器。
  2. 批量大小:适当增加批量大小以减少梯度噪声。
  3. 量子层优化:增加测量次数,简化量子电路。
  4. 网络架构与初始化:优化网络架构,选择合适的参数初始化方法。
  5. 正则化与数据预处理:调整正则化强度,确保输入数据经过适当处理。

通过系统地分析和调整上述因素,您应能够减小训练过程中损失的波动,提高模型的稳定性和性能。

问题

训练集每个epoch开始前是否需要进行指标重置?

思考

Assessing metric protocols

I'm digging into whether metrics like loss or accuracy should reset before each epoch begins during training, especially for custom models using TensorFlow. This involves examining the typical behavior of metrics in TensorFlow and Keras.

Understanding metric handling

Keras typically resets metrics at epoch start, even for quantum layers. With custom loops, manual reset might be needed. This ensures accurate metric tracking throughout training.

Thought for a couple of seconds

回答

在训练神经网络,特别是复杂的量子神经网络时,正确管理和跟踪训练指标(如损失、准确率等)对于监控模型性能和诊断训练问题至关重要。关于您提到的“训练集每个epoch开始前是否需要进行指标重置”,以下是详细的解释和建议:

1. 使用 Keras Model.fit 方法时的指标管理

如果您使用的是 TensorFlow Keras 的标准训练流程,即通过 model.compilemodel.fit 方法来训练模型,那么 Keras 会自动管理和重置训练和验证指标。在这种情况下,您无需手动重置指标,Keras 会在每个 epoch 开始前自动重置相关指标,以确保每个 epoch 的指标是独立计算的。

示例:

python
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy']) history = model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=10, validation_data=val_dataset)

在上述代码中,Keras 会自动处理每个 epoch 开始前的指标重置,因此无需额外操作。

2. 使用自定义训练循环时的指标管理

如果您采用的是自定义训练循环(例如,使用 tf.GradientTape 进行手动梯度计算和权重更新),那么 您需要手动管理和重置指标。这是因为自定义训练循环不会像 model.fit 那样自动处理指标的重置。

示例:

python
import tensorflow as tf # 定义指标 train_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='train_loss') train_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='train_accuracy') val_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='val_loss') val_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='val_accuracy') for epoch in range(num_epochs): # 在每个 epoch 开始前重置指标 train_loss.reset_states() train_accuracy.reset_states() val_loss.reset_states() val_accuracy.reset_states() # 训练步骤 for x, y in train_dataset: with tf.GradientTape() as tape: predictions = model(x, training=True) loss = loss_fn(y, predictions) gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables) optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables)) train_loss(loss) train_accuracy(y, predictions) # 验证步骤 for x_val, y_val in val_dataset: predictions = model(x_val, training=False) v_loss = loss_fn(y_val, predictions) val_loss(v_loss) val_accuracy(y_val, predictions) print( f'Epoch {epoch + 1}, ' f'Loss: {train_loss.result()}, ' f'Accuracy: {train_accuracy.result() * 100}, ' f'Val Loss: {val_loss.result()}, ' f'Val Accuracy: {val_accuracy.result() * 100}' )

在上述自定义训练循环中,每个 epoch 开始前通过调用 reset_states() 方法手动重置指标,以确保每个 epoch 的指标独立计算。

3. 确保指标重置的重要性

无论您使用哪种训练方法,正确重置指标都是至关重要的,因为:

  • 准确性:不重置指标会导致不同 epoch 的指标值相互叠加,无法反映单个 epoch 的真实性能。
  • 监控训练进展:准确的指标有助于判断模型是否在收敛,是否存在过拟合或欠拟合等问题。
  • 调试和优化:清晰的指标曲线可以帮助您识别训练过程中可能出现的问题,并采取相应的措施进行优化。

4. 在您的量子神经网络中的应用

基于您提供的量子神经网络代码,如果您使用的是标准的 Keras Model.fit 方法,那么无需手动重置指标;Keras 会自动处理这些细节。然而,如果您使用了自定义训练循环(例如,结合量子计算框架如 Qiskit 的特性),那么您需要手动管理指标的重置。

建议步骤:

  1. 确认训练方法

    • 标准训练:如果使用 model.fit,无需额外操作。
    • 自定义训练循环:确保在每个 epoch 开始前手动重置所有相关指标。
  2. 实现指标重置

    • 使用 metric.reset_states() 方法在每个 epoch 开始前重置指标。
  3. 监控和记录

    • 定期记录和可视化训练和验证指标,以便实时监控训练进展和模型性能。

5. 示例:结合您提供的模型

假设您使用标准的 Keras Model.fit 方法来训练您的量子神经网络模型,以下是一个简化的训练示例:

python
# 假设您已经定义并编译了模型 model = QuantumNeuralNetwork(n_qubits=15, n_layers=..., num_classes=...) model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy']) # 训练模型 history = model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=50, validation_data=val_dataset)

在这种情况下,Keras 会自动处理每个 epoch 的指标重置和记录,您只需专注于调整模型架构和超参数。

如果您选择使用自定义训练循环,参考前述的自定义训练循环示例,确保在每个 epoch 开始前重置所有指标。

总结

  • 使用标准 Model.fit:无需手动重置指标,Keras 会自动管理。
  • 使用自定义训练循环:需要手动在每个 epoch 开始前重置所有相关指标。
  • 正确管理指标:无论使用哪种训练方法,确保指标在每个 epoch 独立计算,以获得准确的训练和验证性能评估。

通过正确管理训练指标,您可以更有效地监控和优化您的量子神经网络模型,减少训练过程中的波动,并提高模型的整体性能和稳定性。

问题

为什么损失很高,准确率却也很高?比如如下训练结果
5/5 [==============================] - 110s 23s/step - batch: 2.0000 - size: 16.0000 - loss: 2.1130 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 2.0821 - val_accuracy: 0.9333

思考

Pulling together logical connections

Hmm, I’m thinking about why a high loss and high accuracy might happen. It could be a mismatch between the loss and accuracy, or the activation function and label format soup.

Examining loss values

OK, let me see. The loss might be inflated due to a mismatch between the number of classes or incorrect label formatting, despite the model predicting almost perfectly.

Assessing alignment

OK, let me break this down: high loss with high accuracy could point to misaligned loss functions, incorrect label encoding, or overfitting, especially if predicted probabilities lack confidence.

Spotting low-confidence predictions

It's interesting to see that high accuracy alongside high loss might indicate the model's predictions lack confidence, despite consistent correct class predictions in a quantum neural network context.

Enhancing prediction reliability

Interestingly enough, ensuring prediction reliability involves tweaking activation and loss functions, fixing label formatting, and boosting output probabilities for the correct class in a quantum neural network setting.

Thought for 7 seconds

回答

在神经网络的训练过程中,损失(loss)很高但准确率(accuracy)也很高是一种看似矛盾但实际上可以解释的现象。这种情况可能由多种因素引起,尤其是在使用复杂架构如量子神经网络时。以下是可能的原因及相应的解决方案:

1. 损失函数与准确率指标的不匹配

原因:

  • 损失函数关注的是预测概率的置信度,而准确率仅关注预测类别是否正确。如果模型对正确类别的预测概率不够高,即使所有预测都是正确的,损失仍然可能较高。

    例如,假设有三个类别:

    • 真实标签为类别1。
    • 模型预测类别1的概率为0.4,类别2和类别3的概率各为0.3。

    在这种情况下,虽然预测是正确的(准确率为100%),但交叉熵损失为:

    Loss=log(0.4)0.916\text{Loss} = -\log(0.4) \approx 0.916

    如果模型对正确类别的概率更低,损失将进一步增加。

解决方案:

  • 检查模型输出的概率分布:确保模型对正确类别的预测概率足够高。可以通过以下方式检查:
    python
    predictions = model.predict(sample_inputs) print(predictions) # 查看每个样本的预测概率分布
  • 调整损失函数:如果使用的是 sparse_categorical_crossentropycategorical_crossentropy,确保与输出层的激活函数(如 softmax)匹配。
  • 增强模型的置信度
    • 增加模型复杂度:如增加层数或神经元数量,使模型有能力学习更复杂的模式。
    • 使用标签平滑(Label Smoothing):有时标签平滑可以帮助模型学习更稳定的概率分布。

2. 标签编码问题

原因:

  • 标签格式不正确:例如,在使用 categorical_crossentropy 时,如果标签是整数形式而非独热编码(one-hot encoded),会导致损失计算不正确。

解决方案:

  • 确认标签编码

    • 如果使用 sparse_categorical_crossentropy,标签应为整数形式。
    • 如果使用 categorical_crossentropy,标签应为独热编码形式。

    示例:

    python
    # 对于 sparse_categorical_crossentropy model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy']) # 对于 categorical_crossentropy model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
  • 转换标签格式(如需要):

    python
    from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical # 将整数标签转换为独热编码 one_hot_labels = to_categorical(integer_labels, num_classes=num_classes)

3. 模型输出的概率分布问题

原因:

  • 输出层的激活函数不合适:例如,未使用 softmax 激活函数进行多分类任务。
  • 模型过于保守:模型可能只是在做最小的改变以保证正确分类,而不是优化预测概率。

解决方案:

  • 确保输出层使用合适的激活函数

    python
    # 对于多分类问题 self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', # 确保使用 softmax kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01), dtype=tf.float32 )
  • 检查模型的预测概率

    python
    predictions = model.predict(sample_inputs) print(predictions) # 查看预测概率是否集中在正确类别

4. 量子神经网络的固有噪声与测量不确定性

原因:

  • 量子计算的测量固有噪声:量子神经网络在进行测量时存在随机性,这可能导致每次前向传播的输出存在波动,进而影响损失的计算。

解决方案:

  • 增加测量次数(Shots):通过增加测量次数,可以减少测量结果的统计波动,提高输出概率的准确性。

    示例:

    python
    dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=15, shots=1024) # 增加 shots 数量
  • 优化量子电路:简化量子电路,减少参数数量或层数,以降低系统的复杂性和噪声水平。

5. 优化器与学习率设置

原因:

  • 学习率过高或过低:不合适的学习率可能导致模型参数更新不理想,影响损失函数的优化。

解决方案:

  • 调整学习率:尝试减小或增大学习率,观察损失和准确率的变化。

  • 使用自适应学习率优化器:如 Adam、RMSprop 等,这些优化器在许多情况下表现更稳定。

    示例:

    python
    optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3) model.compile(optimizer=optimizer, loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
  • 使用学习率调度器:动态调整学习率,以更好地适应训练过程。

    示例:

    python
    lr_scheduler = tf.keras.callbacks.ReduceLROnPlateau(monitor='val_loss', factor=0.5, patience=5) model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=50, validation_data=val_dataset, callbacks=[lr_scheduler])

6. 正则化与模型复杂度

原因:

  • 过强的正则化:如 L2 正则化系数过高,可能限制了模型的表达能力,导致模型无法对正确类别赋予足够的高概率。

解决方案:

  • 调整正则化强度:尝试减小 L2 正则化系数,观察对损失和准确率的影响。

    示例:

    python
    regularizer = tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.001) # 减小正则化强度
  • 使用其他正则化方法:如 Dropout,Batch Normalization 等,以帮助模型更好地泛化,同时保持预测概率的稳定性。

7. 数据预处理与标准化

原因:

  • 输入数据分布不合理:未经过适当预处理或标准化的数据可能导致模型难以学习有效的概率分布。

解决方案:

  • 标准化输入数据:对输入数据进行归一化或标准化处理,确保其分布适合模型的训练。

    示例:

    python
    from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler scaler = StandardScaler() train_data = scaler.fit_transform(train_data) val_data = scaler.transform(val_data)

8. 检查模型的梯度与训练过程

原因:

  • 梯度爆炸或消失:可能导致模型无法有效优化损失函数。
  • 训练过程中的数值不稳定:尤其是在量子神经网络中,可能由于量子门参数的调整导致数值不稳定。

解决方案:

  • 监控梯度:检查梯度是否正常,避免梯度爆炸或消失。

  • 使用梯度裁剪(Gradient Clipping):限制梯度的最大值,防止梯度爆炸。

    示例:

    python
    optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3, clipnorm=1.0)
  • 确保量子电路的数值稳定性:检查量子门参数是否合理,避免数值不稳定。

9. 量子神经网络特有的问题

原因:

  • 量子态的表达能力限制:量子神经网络可能在某些任务上的表达能力有限,导致模型难以赋予正确类别足够高的概率。

解决方案:

  • 优化量子层的架构:调整量子层的参数、深度或连接方式,以提高模型的表达能力。
  • 混合量子-经典模型:结合经典神经网络层与量子神经网络层,以增强整体模型的表现力。

综合建议

  1. 检查并确保损失函数与输出层的激活函数匹配
    • 对于多分类问题,通常使用 softmax 激活和 categorical_crossentropysparse_categorical_crossentropy 损失函数。
  2. 验证标签的编码方式
    • 确保标签与损失函数要求的格式一致。
  3. 监控模型输出的概率分布
    • 查看模型预测的概率是否集中在正确类别上。
  4. 调整优化器和学习率
    • 尝试不同的优化器和学习率设置,以找到更稳定的训练过程。
  5. 增加测量次数和优化量子电路
    • 减少量子神经网络的噪声,确保输出的概率分布更加稳定。
  6. 调整正则化强度
    • 确保正则化不会过度限制模型的表达能力。
  7. 标准化输入数据
    • 确保输入数据的分布适合模型的训练。
  8. 监控和调整梯度
    • 确保梯度在合理范围内,避免训练过程中的数值不稳定。

具体操作步骤

以下是一些具体的操作步骤,帮助您诊断和解决损失高但准确率高的问题:

1. 检查损失函数和标签编码

确保损失函数与标签编码方式匹配。例如,如果使用 sparse_categorical_crossentropy,标签应为整数形式:

python
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

如果使用 categorical_crossentropy,标签应为独热编码形式:

python
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical # 假设 labels 是整数形式 one_hot_labels = to_categorical(labels, num_classes=num_classes) model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

2. 查看模型的预测概率

在训练过程中或训练后,检查模型对某些样本的预测概率:

python
import numpy as np # 获取部分样本的预测概率 sample_inputs, sample_labels = next(iter(train_dataset)) predictions = model.predict(sample_inputs) for i in range(len(sample_inputs)): print(f"True Label: {sample_labels[i]}, Predicted Probabilities: {predictions[i]}")

这有助于判断模型是否对正确类别赋予了足够高的概率。

3. 调整优化器和学习率

尝试使用不同的优化器和学习率设置:

python
# 使用 Adam 优化器并调整学习率 optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-4) model.compile(optimizer=optimizer, loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

或者使用学习率调度器:

python
lr_scheduler = tf.keras.callbacks.ReduceLROnPlateau(monitor='val_loss', factor=0.5, patience=5) model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=50, validation_data=val_dataset, callbacks=[lr_scheduler])

4. 增加量子层的测量次数

如果使用的是 Qiskit 作为量子模拟器,增加测量次数(shots)可以减少测量噪声:

python
dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=15, shots=1024) # 增加 shots 数量

5. 调整正则化强度

减小 L2 正则化系数,观察对损失和准确率的影响:

python
self.encoding_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(4, self.n_layers, 8), initializer=initializer, regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.001), # 减小正则化系数 trainable=True, name='encoding_weights', dtype=tf.float32 )

6. 可视化训练过程中的损失和准确率

通过绘制训练和验证的损失与准确率曲线,观察模型的训练动态:

python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt history = model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=50, validation_data=val_dataset) # 绘制损失曲线 plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4)) plt.subplot(1, 2, 1) plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss') plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss') plt.title('Loss Over Epochs') plt.xlabel('Epoch') plt.ylabel('Loss') plt.legend() # 绘制准确率曲线 plt.subplot(1, 2, 2) plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy') plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy') plt.title('Accuracy Over Epochs') plt.xlabel('Epoch') plt.ylabel('Accuracy') plt.legend() plt.show()

7. 简化模型架构

如果问题依然存在,尝试简化模型架构,减少量子层的数量或参数,观察对损失和准确率的影响。

结论

损失高但准确率高的现象通常表明模型在正确分类的同时,对正确类别的置信度不足。为了优化这一问题,建议从以下几个方面入手:

  1. 确保损失函数与输出层的激活函数匹配,并正确编码标签。
  2. 检查和增强模型对正确类别的置信度,通过调整模型架构、优化器和学习率等。
  3. 优化量子神经网络的测量和参数,减少量子计算中的噪声和不确定性。
  4. 监控和调整正则化强度,确保模型既有良好的泛化能力,又能对正确类别赋予足够高的概率。
  5. 标准化输入数据,确保数据分布适合模型训练。

通过系统地分析和调整上述因素,您应能够降低损失值,同时保持甚至提升模型的准确率,从而提高模型的整体性能和稳定性。

问题

import sys
import os
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder, StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler

import matplotlib

matplotlib.use('Agg') # Use non-interactive backend
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from importance_sampling.training import ConstantTimeImportanceTraining
from importance_sampling.samplers import ConstantTimeSampler
from importance_sampling.datasets import InMemoryDataset
from importance_sampling.reweighting import BiasedReweightingPolicy
from tensorflow.keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping, ReduceLROnPlateau

import logging

Ensure TensorFlow uses float32

tf.keras.backend.set_floatx('float32')

Redirect stdout to capture print outputs

class Tee(object):
def init(self, *files):
self.files = files
self.encoding = getattr(files[0], 'encoding', 'utf-8') # Add encoding attribute

text
def write(self, obj): for f in self.files: f.write(obj) f.flush() def flush(self): for f in self.files: f.flush()

output_file = open('7型swap移位变换_不重置RY.log', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
original_stdout = sys.stdout
tee = Tee(sys.stdout, output_file)
sys.stdout = tee

Configure Logger to use Tee

logger = logging.getLogger('my_sampler')
logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler(tee)
stream_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)

formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)

Remove default handlers to avoid duplicate logs

if not logger.handlers:
logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
else:
logger.handlers = []
logger.addHandler(stream_handler)

Set Qiskit log level to WARNING to suppress INFO logs

logging.getLogger('qiskit').setLevel(logging.WARNING)

def save_plot(fig, filename):
fig.savefig(filename)
plt.close(fig)

def plot_history(history):
# Plot training and validation accuracy
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
ax.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy')
if 'val_accuracy' in history.history:
ax.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
else:
print("Validation accuracy not found in history.")
ax.set_title('Model Accuracy')
ax.set_ylabel('Accuracy')
ax.set_xlabel('Epoch')
ax.legend(loc='upper left')
save_plot(fig, 'accuracy_plot.png')

text
# Plot training and validation loss fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5)) ax.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss') if 'val_loss' in history.history: ax.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss') else: print("Validation loss not found in history.") ax.set_title('Model Loss') ax.set_ylabel('Loss') ax.set_xlabel('Epoch') ax.legend(loc='upper right') save_plot(fig, 'loss_plot.png')

def calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(history):
if 'val_accuracy' in history.history:
accuracies = history.history['val_accuracy']
elif 'accuracy' in history.history:
accuracies = history.history['accuracy']
else:
print("Accuracy metric not found in history.")
return None, None
mean_accuracy = np.mean(accuracies)
fluctuation = np.sum(np.abs(accuracies - mean_accuracy))
return mean_accuracy, fluctuation

Define a quantum device with 11 qubits

dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=15)

Each neuron's encoding

def encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values):
# 第一组
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[0], wires=data_qubits['q3']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])

text
# 第二组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[1], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) # 第三组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[2], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) # 第四组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[3], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) # 第五组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[4], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) # 第六组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[5], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) # 第七组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[6], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) # 第八组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[7], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1])

仅编码weights

def encode_group_second(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q3_values):
# 第一组
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[0], wires=data_qubits['q3']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])

text
# 第二组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[1], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) # 第三组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[2], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) # 第四组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[3], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) # 第五组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[4], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) # 第六组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[5], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) # 第七组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[6], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) # 第八组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[7], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1])

Definition of swap gate

def apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2):
"""
Modular method to apply a controlled SWAP gate.

text
Parameters: - swap_qubit (int): Control qubit for the SWAP gate. - q_swap1 (int): First qubit to swap. - q_swap2 (int): Second qubit to swap. """ qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit) qml.CSWAP(wires=[swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2]) qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit)

@qml.qnode(dev, interface='tf', diff_method='backprop')
def quantum_neural_network(inputs, encoding_weights, rot_weights, entangle_weights):
control_qubits = [0, 1, 2]

text
# Neuron groups encoding_data = [ {'data_qubits': {'q2': 3, 'q3': 4}, 'swap_qubit': 5}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 6, 'q3': 7}, 'swap_qubit': 8}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 9, 'q3': 10}, 'swap_qubit': 11}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 12, 'q3': 13}, 'swap_qubit': 14} ] # Angle encoding: inputs are mapped to [0, pi/2] angles_q2_list = inputs # inputs shape is (4,) # Encoding weights mapped to angles_q3 angles_q3_list = encoding_weights # shape: (4, n_layers, 8) # 第一层:同时编码values和weights for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data): swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] angle_q2 = angles_q2_list[idx] # scalar value angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, 0, :] # shape: (8,) # 编码一个神经元 encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values) # 每层编码旋转门和纠缠门 for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]): rot_angles = rot_weights[0, qubit, :] # shape: (3,) qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit) # Apply parameterized entanglement gates for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1] - 1): qml.CRZ(entangle_weights[0, qubit], wires=[qubit, qubit + 1]) # 每层每个神经元应用一次swap操作 for data_set in encoding_data: swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_qubits['q3'], data_qubits['q2']) # 第二层:仅编码weights for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0] - 1): # 每层的内容 layer_second = layer + 1 # 每层完整编码特征值和权重值 for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data): data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, layer_second, :] # shape: (8,) # 编码一个神经元 encode_group_second(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q3_values) # 每层编码旋转门和纠缠门 for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]): rot_angles = rot_weights[layer_second, qubit, :] # shape: (3,) qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit) # Apply parameterized entanglement gates for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1] - 1): qml.CRZ(entangle_weights[layer_second, qubit], wires=[qubit, qubit + 1]) # 每层每个神经元应用一次swap操作 for data_set in encoding_data: swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] if layer % 2 == 0: apply_controlled_swap(data_qubits['q2'], swap_qubit, data_qubits['q3']) else: apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_qubits['q2'], data_qubits['q3']) if n_layers % 2 == 1: measured_qubits = [5, 8, 11, 14] else: measured_qubits = [3, 6, 9, 12] results = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(qubit)) for qubit in measured_qubits] return results

Define the quantum neural network layer

class QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
def init(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes):
super(QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer, self).init()
self.n_qubits = n_qubits
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.num_classes = num_classes

text
# Define encoding weights with L2 regularization initializer = tf.keras.initializers.GlorotUniform() regularizer = tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01) self.encoding_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(4, self.n_layers, 8), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='encoding_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # Define rotation layer weights with L2 regularization self.rot_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits, 3), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='rot_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # Define entangling weights with L2 regularization self.entangle_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits - 1), initializer=tf.keras.initializers.RandomUniform(0, 2 * np.pi), regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='entangle_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) def call(self, inputs): outputs_list = [] for i in range(tf.shape(inputs)[0]): x = inputs[i] x = tf.cast(x, tf.float32) result = quantum_neural_network(x, self.encoding_weights, self.rot_weights, self.entangle_weights) outputs_list.append(tf.cast(result, tf.float32)) outputs = tf.stack(outputs_list, axis=0) return outputs

Define the quantum neural network model

class QuantumNeuralNetwork(tf.keras.Model):
def init(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs):
super(QuantumNeuralNetwork, self).init(**kwargs)
self.n_qubits = n_qubits
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.num_classes = num_classes

text
# Quantum layer self.quantum_layer = QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes) # Classical layers self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) self.dense2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 8, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) # Output layer directly connected to quantum outputs self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 # Ensure the output layer is float32 ) def call(self, inputs): q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs) x = self.dense1(q_output) x = self.dense2(x) return self.output_layer(x)

def is_quantum_model(model):
for layer in model.layers:
if isinstance(layer, QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer):
return True
elif hasattr(layer, 'layers'):
if is_quantum_model(layer):
return True
return False

if name == "main":
# Load data
iris = load_iris()
X = iris['data'].astype(np.float32) # Ensure data type is float32
y = iris['target'].reshape(-1, 1)

text
# One-Hot encode labels encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False) y_encoded = encoder.fit_transform(y).astype(np.float32) num_classes = y_encoded.shape[1] # Initialize lists to hold indices for each split train_indices = [] val_indices = [] test_indices = [] # Set random seed for reproducibility np.random.seed(42) # For each class, select the required number of samples for class_label in range(num_classes): # Get all indices for the current class class_indices = np.where(y.flatten() == class_label)[0] # Shuffle the indices np.random.shuffle(class_indices) # Select first 30 for training, next 10 for validation, next 10 for testing train_idx = class_indices[:30] val_idx = class_indices[30:40] test_idx = class_indices[40:50] # Append to the respective lists train_indices.extend(train_idx) val_indices.extend(val_idx) test_indices.extend(test_idx) # Convert lists to numpy arrays train_indices = np.array(train_indices) val_indices = np.array(val_indices) test_indices = np.array(test_indices) # Split the data using the indices x_train, y_train = X[train_indices], y_encoded[train_indices] x_val, y_val = X[val_indices], y_encoded[val_indices] x_test, y_test = X[test_indices], y_encoded[test_indices] # Standardize and normalize data (fit only on training set) scaler = StandardScaler() X_train_standardized = scaler.fit_transform(x_train).astype(np.float32) X_val_standardized = scaler.transform(x_val).astype(np.float32) X_test_standardized = scaler.transform(x_test).astype(np.float32) # Map features to [0, π/2] range min_max_scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, np.pi / 2)) X_train_mapped = min_max_scaler.fit_transform(X_train_standardized).astype(np.float32) X_val_mapped = min_max_scaler.transform(X_val_standardized).astype(np.float32) X_test_mapped = min_max_scaler.transform(X_test_standardized).astype(np.float32) # Hyperparameters learning_rate = 0.025 # Learning rate epochs = 200 # Number of training epochs batch_size = 16 # Batch size n_qubits = 15 # 15 qubits as per the original QNN n_layers = 2 # Number of layers model = QuantumNeuralNetwork( n_qubits=n_qubits, n_layers=n_layers, num_classes=num_classes ) if is_quantum_model(model): print("The model contains quantum neural network (QNN) layers.") else: print("The model does not contain quantum neural network (QNN) layers.") # Draw the quantum circuit sample_inputs = np.ones(4, dtype=np.float32) * (np.pi / 4) # Inputs mapped to [0, π/2] sample_encoding_weights = np.zeros((4, n_layers, 8), dtype=np.float32) sample_rot_weights = np.zeros((n_layers, n_qubits, 3), dtype=np.float32) sample_entangle_weights = np.zeros((n_layers, n_qubits - 1), dtype=np.float32) qml.drawer.use_style('sketch') print("\nQuantum circuit diagram:") print(qml.draw(quantum_neural_network)(sample_inputs, sample_encoding_weights, sample_rot_weights, sample_entangle_weights)) qml.draw_mpl(quantum_neural_network)(sample_inputs, sample_encoding_weights, sample_rot_weights, sample_entangle_weights)[0].savefig('7型swap移位变换_不重置RY.png') steps_per_epoch = len(X_train_mapped) // batch_size total_steps = epochs * steps_per_epoch # Create dataset (including validation set) dataset = InMemoryDataset( X_train_mapped, y_train, X_val_mapped, y_val, categorical=True ) # Initialize reweighting policy reweighting_policy = BiasedReweightingPolicy(k=1.0) # Initialize importance sampling training wrapped_model = ConstantTimeImportanceTraining(model, score="loss") # Use loss as score # Modify sampler to use dynamic alpha and beta def custom_sampler(dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs): return ConstantTimeSampler( dataset, reweighting_policy, model=wrapped_model.model, ) # Assign custom sampler to wrapped_model wrapped_model.sampler = custom_sampler # Use per-sample loss function loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False, reduction=tf.keras.losses.Reduction.NONE) # Compile model model.compile( optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate), loss=loss_fn, metrics=['accuracy'], run_eagerly=True # Set to False for better performance ) # Create a callback class to save training metrics class MetricsHistory(tf.keras.callbacks.Callback): def on_train_begin(self, logs=None): self.history = {'loss': [], 'accuracy': [], 'val_loss': [], 'val_accuracy': []} def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None): self.history['loss'].append(logs.get('loss')) self.history['accuracy'].append(logs.get('accuracy')) self.history['val_loss'].append(logs.get('val_loss')) self.history['val_accuracy'].append(logs.get('val_accuracy')) # Instantiate callbacks metrics_history = MetricsHistory() # Add early stopping callback callbacks = [ metrics_history, EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=20, restore_best_weights=True) ] # Train model using fit_dataset history = wrapped_model.fit_dataset( dataset=dataset, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch, verbose=1, callbacks=callbacks ) # 在训练完成后,评估测试集 print("\nEvaluating on test set:") test_loss, test_accuracy = wrapped_model.evaluate((X_test_mapped, y_test), mode='test') print('Test loss:', test_loss) print('Test accuracy:', test_accuracy) # Plot graphs using history from custom callback plot_history(metrics_history) mean_accuracy, fluctuation = calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(metrics_history) if mean_accuracy is not None and fluctuation is not None: print('Validation set mean accuracy:', mean_accuracy) print('Accuracy fluctuation:', fluctuation) # Close output file and restore stdout sys.stdout = original_stdout output_file.close() print( "Script execution completed. Please check 'output.log' for print output and check the saved plots in the current directory.")

上述神经网络经典层包含哪些内容,哪些是必要的,哪些是非必要的?详细说明

思考

Breaking down the layers

I’m examining the classical layers in the QNN model, identifying necessary and optional components. The layers include a custom quantum neural network layer, several Dense layers with specified units and activation functions, and a softmax output layer for classification.

Identifying crucial layers

I’m pulling together the classical layers in the QNN model: dense1, dense2, and the output layer. These layers, with specified units, activation functions, and regularizations, are essential for processing the quantum layer's output.

Assessing layer relevance

I’m determining the necessity of each layer: at least one dense layer post-quantum for processing output, with optional dense layers and kernel regularizers based on model capacity and overfitting risks.

Thought for 5 seconds

回答

在您提供的量子神经网络(Quantum Neural Network, QNN)代码中,**经典层(Classical Layers)**主要包括以下部分:

  1. Dense1 层

    python
    self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 )
  2. Dense2 层

    python
    self.dense2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 8, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 )
  3. 输出层(Output Layer)

    python
    self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 # Ensure the output layer is float32 )

经典层的详细说明

1. Dense1 层

  • 功能:将量子层的输出(一个低维向量)映射到更高维度,以便进行进一步的特征提取和处理。
  • 参数
    • 单元数(16):决定了输出向量的维度。
    • 激活函数(ReLU):引入非线性,提高模型的表达能力。
    • 正则化(L2):防止过拟合,通过惩罚权重的大小限制模型复杂度。
  • 必要性:** 必要**。这层负责将量子层的输出转换为适合经典网络进一步处理的形式。缺少这层,量子输出可能无法有效地传递到后续的经典层。

2. Dense2 层

  • 功能:进一步处理来自 Dense1 层的特征,提取更高层次的抽象特征。
  • 参数
    • 单元数(8):进一步降低特征维度,压缩信息。
    • 激活函数(ReLU):引入非线性。
    • 正则化(L2):防止过拟合。
  • 必要性:** 非必要**。虽然这层可以增加模型的表达能力,但对于某些任务,单一的 Dense1 层已经足够。添加更多的 Dense 层会增加模型的复杂度和计算开销,且可能导致过拟合,尤其是在数据量较小的情况下。

3. 输出层

  • 功能:将最终的特征映射到目标类别的概率分布,用于分类任务。
  • 参数
    • 单元数(num_classes):对应分类任务中的类别数量。
    • 激活函数(Softmax):将输出转换为概率分布,使其适用于多分类任务。
    • 正则化(L2):防止过拟合。
  • 必要性:** 必要**。这是模型的最后一层,负责生成最终的分类结果。缺少这层,模型将无法输出可解释的类别概率。

总结:哪些是必要的,哪些是非必要的

经典层必要性说明
Dense1必要负责将量子层的输出转换为适合经典网络进一步处理的形式,是经典部分与量子部分之间的桥梁。
Dense2非必要进一步提取特征,可以根据具体任务和数据集的复杂度决定是否需要。增加此层可能提升模型表现,但也增加了计算开销和过拟合风险。
输出层必要生成最终的分类概率,是模型进行预测的关键部分。

其他经典层相关的设置

  1. 激活函数(ReLU 和 Softmax)

    • ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit):用于 Dense1 和 Dense2 层,引入非线性,帮助模型学习复杂的特征。
    • Softmax:用于输出层,将输出转换为概率分布,适用于多分类任务。
    • 必要性
      • ReLU:** 必要**,除非选择其他激活函数(如 Sigmoid、Tanh),但 ReLU 是常用且效果良好的选择。
      • Softmax:** 必要**,对于多分类任务,确保输出为概率分布。
  2. 正则化(L2 Regularization)

    • 功能:通过惩罚权重的大小,防止模型过拟合。
    • 参数kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001)
    • 必要性:** 可选**。在数据量较小或模型复杂度较高时,L2 正则化有助于提高泛化能力。但在数据量充足或模型简单时,可以考虑减小正则化强度或移除。
  3. 数据类型(dtype=tf.float32)

    • 功能:确保模型权重和计算的一致性,避免数据类型不匹配导致的错误或性能问题。
    • 必要性:** 必要**,特别是在涉及量子计算和 TensorFlow 集成时,确保数据类型一致性至关重要。

优化和简化建议

根据您的具体需求和数据集的复杂度,您可以对经典层进行以下优化和调整:

  1. 减少 Dense 层数量

    • 方法:移除 Dense2 层,直接将 Dense1 的输出连接到输出层。
    • 效果:减少模型复杂度和训练时间,降低过拟合风险,适用于较简单的任务或数据集。
    python
    class QuantumNeuralNetwork(tf.keras.Model): def __init__(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs): super(QuantumNeuralNetwork, self).__init__(**kwargs) self.n_qubits = n_qubits self.n_layers = n_layers self.num_classes = num_classes # Quantum layer self.quantum_layer = QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes) # Classical layers self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) # Output layer directly connected to quantum outputs self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 # Ensure the output layer is float32 ) def call(self, inputs): q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs) x = self.dense1(q_output) return self.output_layer(x)
  2. 调整 Dense 层的单元数

    • 方法:根据任务复杂度和模型表现,调整 Dense1 和 Dense2 层的单元数。例如,减少到 8 单元或增加到 32 单元。
    • 效果:平衡模型的表达能力和计算效率,适应不同任务的需求。
  3. 调整正则化强度

    • 方法:根据模型表现,调整 L2 正则化的系数。例如,减小到 0.00001 或移除。
    • 效果:在防止过拟合和保持模型灵活性之间找到平衡。
  4. 引入 Dropout 层

    • 方法:在 Dense1 和 Dense2 层之间添加 Dropout 层,以随机丢弃一部分神经元,进一步防止过拟合。
    • 效果:提高模型的泛化能力,尤其在数据量较小时效果显著。
    python
    self.dropout = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.5)
  5. 优化激活函数

    • 方法:尝试其他激活函数,如 LeakyReLU、ELU 等,以查看是否提升模型性能。
    • 效果:有时不同的激活函数可以帮助模型更好地学习复杂特征。

经典层与量子层的交互

在您的模型中,量子层输出经过经典 Dense 层的处理,最终通过输出层生成分类结果。经典层的设计直接影响量子层输出特征的利用效率:

  • 必要性
    • 桥梁作用:经典层将量子层的输出(通常为低维特征)转换为适合分类的高维特征,确保量子特征能够被充分利用。
  • 优化策略
    • 特征提取:经典层应具备足够的容量来提取和组合量子层提供的特征。
    • 模型复杂度:在保持模型表达能力的同时,避免过度复杂化,导致训练困难或过拟合。

实例化与训练中的经典层配置

在您的代码中,经典层配置如下:

python
# Classical layers self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) self.dense2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 8, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) # Output layer directly connected to quantum outputs self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 # Ensure the output layer is float32 )
  • Dense1:16 单元,ReLU 激活,L2 正则化。
  • Dense2:8 单元,ReLU 激活,L2 正则化。
  • 输出层num_classes 单元,Softmax 激活,L2 正则化。

建议

  1. 评估必要性

    • 观察 Dense2 层对模型性能的影响。如果移除 Dense2 层不显著降低模型表现,建议简化模型。
  2. 实验与调整

    • 通过交叉验证或实验,尝试不同的经典层配置,如增加或减少 Dense 层的数量和单元数,以找到最佳配置。
  3. 监控过拟合

    • 使用验证集监控模型是否过拟合,适时调整正则化强度或引入 Dropout 层。

结论

在您的量子神经网络模型中,经典层主要由 Dense1、Dense2 和输出层组成。必要的经典层包括:

  • Dense1 层:将量子层的输出转换为适合进一步处理的形式。
  • 输出层:生成最终的分类概率。

非必要的经典层包括:

  • Dense2 层:可根据任务需求决定是否保留。对于较简单的任务或数据集,Dense2 层可能是多余的,移除后模型训练更高效且降低过拟合风险。

此外,正则化、激活函数和数据类型的设置在经典层中也是重要的配置项,需根据具体情况进行调整。通过实验和模型评估,您可以确定哪些经典层和参数配置最适合您的量子神经网络,优化模型性能和训练效率。

问题

import sys
import os
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder, StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler

import matplotlib

matplotlib.use('Agg') # Use non-interactive backend
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from importance_sampling.training import ConstantTimeImportanceTraining
from importance_sampling.samplers import ConstantTimeSampler
from importance_sampling.datasets import InMemoryDataset
from importance_sampling.reweighting import BiasedReweightingPolicy
from tensorflow.keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping, ReduceLROnPlateau

import logging

Ensure TensorFlow uses float32

tf.keras.backend.set_floatx('float32')

Redirect stdout to capture print outputs

class Tee(object):
def init(self, *files):
self.files = files
self.encoding = getattr(files[0], 'encoding', 'utf-8') # Add encoding attribute

text
def write(self, obj): for f in self.files: f.write(obj) f.flush() def flush(self): for f in self.files: f.flush()

output_file = open('lr=0.001_layers=2_删除dense2,dense1正则化降低.log', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
original_stdout = sys.stdout
tee = Tee(sys.stdout, output_file)
sys.stdout = tee

Configure Logger to use Tee

logger = logging.getLogger('my_sampler')
logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler(tee)
stream_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)

formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)

Remove default handlers to avoid duplicate logs

if not logger.handlers:
logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
else:
logger.handlers = []
logger.addHandler(stream_handler)

Set Qiskit log level to WARNING to suppress INFO logs

logging.getLogger('qiskit').setLevel(logging.WARNING)

def save_plot(fig, filename):
fig.savefig(filename)
plt.close(fig)

def plot_history(history):
# Plot training and validation accuracy
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
ax.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy')
if 'val_accuracy' in history.history:
ax.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
else:
print("Validation accuracy not found in history.")
ax.set_title('Model Accuracy')
ax.set_ylabel('Accuracy')
ax.set_xlabel('Epoch')
ax.legend(loc='upper left')
save_plot(fig, 'accuracy_plot.png')

text
# Plot training and validation loss fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5)) ax.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss') if 'val_loss' in history.history: ax.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss') else: print("Validation loss not found in history.") ax.set_title('Model Loss') ax.set_ylabel('Loss') ax.set_xlabel('Epoch') ax.legend(loc='upper right') save_plot(fig, 'loss_plot.png')

def calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(history):
if 'val_accuracy' in history.history:
accuracies = history.history['val_accuracy']
elif 'accuracy' in history.history:
accuracies = history.history['accuracy']
else:
print("Accuracy metric not found in history.")
return None, None
mean_accuracy = np.mean(accuracies)
fluctuation = np.sum(np.abs(accuracies - mean_accuracy))
return mean_accuracy, fluctuation

Define a quantum device with 11 qubits

dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=15)

Each neuron's encoding

def encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values):
# 第一组
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[0], wires=data_qubits['q3']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])

text
# 第二组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[1], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) # 第三组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[2], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) # 第四组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[3], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) # 第五组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[4], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) # 第六组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[5], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) # 第七组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[6], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) # 第八组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1]) qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[7], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1])

仅编码weights

def encode_group_second(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q3_values):
# 第一组
qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[0], wires=data_qubits['q3']),
control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 0])

text
# 第二组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[1], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 0]) # 第三组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[2], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 1, 1]) # 第四组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[3], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[0, 0, 1]) # 第五组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[4], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 0]) # 第六组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[5], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 0]) # 第七组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[6], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 1, 1]) # 第八组 qml.ctrl(qml.RY(angle_q3_values[7], wires=data_qubits['q3']), control=[control_qubits[0], control_qubits[1], control_qubits[2]], control_values=[1, 0, 1])

Definition of swap gate

def apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2):
"""
Modular method to apply a controlled SWAP gate.

text
Parameters: - swap_qubit (int): Control qubit for the SWAP gate. - q_swap1 (int): First qubit to swap. - q_swap2 (int): Second qubit to swap. """ qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit) qml.CSWAP(wires=[swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2]) qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit)

@qml.qnode(dev, interface='tf', diff_method='backprop')
def quantum_neural_network(inputs, encoding_weights, rot_weights, entangle_weights):
control_qubits = [0, 1, 2]

text
# Neuron groups encoding_data = [ {'data_qubits': {'q2': 3, 'q3': 4}, 'swap_qubit': 5}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 6, 'q3': 7}, 'swap_qubit': 8}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 9, 'q3': 10}, 'swap_qubit': 11}, {'data_qubits': {'q2': 12, 'q3': 13}, 'swap_qubit': 14} ] # Angle encoding: inputs are mapped to [0, pi/2] angles_q2_list = inputs # inputs shape is (4,) # Encoding weights mapped to angles_q3 angles_q3_list = encoding_weights # shape: (4, n_layers, 8) # 第一层:同时编码values和weights for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data): swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] angle_q2 = angles_q2_list[idx] # scalar value angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, 0, :] # shape: (8,) # 编码一个神经元 encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values) # 每层编码旋转门和纠缠门 for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]): rot_angles = rot_weights[0, qubit, :] # shape: (3,) qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit) # Apply parameterized entanglement gates for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1] - 1): qml.CRZ(entangle_weights[0, qubit], wires=[qubit, qubit + 1]) # 每层每个神经元应用一次swap操作 for data_set in encoding_data: swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_qubits['q3'], data_qubits['q2']) # 第二层:仅编码weights for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0] - 1): # 每层的内容 layer_second = layer + 1 # 每层完整编码特征值和权重值 for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data): data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, layer_second, :] # shape: (8,) # 编码一个神经元 encode_group_second(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q3_values) # 每层编码旋转门和纠缠门 for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]): rot_angles = rot_weights[layer_second, qubit, :] # shape: (3,) qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit) # Apply parameterized entanglement gates for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1] - 1): qml.CRZ(entangle_weights[layer_second, qubit], wires=[qubit, qubit + 1]) # 每层每个神经元应用一次swap操作 for data_set in encoding_data: swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit'] data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits'] if layer % 2 == 0: apply_controlled_swap(data_qubits['q2'], swap_qubit, data_qubits['q3']) else: apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_qubits['q2'], data_qubits['q3']) if n_layers % 2 == 1: measured_qubits = [5, 8, 11, 14] else: measured_qubits = [3, 6, 9, 12] results = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(qubit)) for qubit in measured_qubits] return results

Define the quantum neural network layer

class QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
def init(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes):
super(QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer, self).init()
self.n_qubits = n_qubits
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.num_classes = num_classes

text
# Define encoding weights with L2 regularization initializer = tf.keras.initializers.GlorotUniform() regularizer = tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01) self.encoding_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(4, self.n_layers, 8), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='encoding_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # Define rotation layer weights with L2 regularization self.rot_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits, 3), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='rot_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # Define entangling weights with L2 regularization self.entangle_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits - 1), initializer=tf.keras.initializers.RandomUniform(0, 2 * np.pi), regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='entangle_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) def call(self, inputs): outputs_list = [] for i in range(tf.shape(inputs)[0]): x = inputs[i] x = tf.cast(x, tf.float32) result = quantum_neural_network(x, self.encoding_weights, self.rot_weights, self.entangle_weights) outputs_list.append(tf.cast(result, tf.float32)) outputs = tf.stack(outputs_list, axis=0) return outputs

Define the quantum neural network model

class QuantumNeuralNetwork(tf.keras.Model):
def init(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs):
super(QuantumNeuralNetwork, self).init(**kwargs)
self.n_qubits = n_qubits
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.num_classes = num_classes

text
# Quantum layer self.quantum_layer = QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes) # Classical layers self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) # Output layer directly connected to quantum outputs self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 # Ensure the output layer is float32 ) def call(self, inputs): q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs) x = self.dense1(q_output) return self.output_layer(x)

def is_quantum_model(model):
for layer in model.layers:
if isinstance(layer, QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer):
return True
elif hasattr(layer, 'layers'):
if is_quantum_model(layer):
return True
return False

if name == "main":
# Load data
iris = load_iris()
X = iris['data'].astype(np.float32) # Ensure data type is float32
y = iris['target'].reshape(-1, 1)

text
# One-Hot encode labels encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False) y_encoded = encoder.fit_transform(y).astype(np.float32) num_classes = y_encoded.shape[1] # Initialize lists to hold indices for each split train_indices = [] val_indices = [] test_indices = [] # Set random seed for reproducibility np.random.seed(42) # For each class, select the required number of samples for class_label in range(num_classes): # Get all indices for the current class class_indices = np.where(y.flatten() == class_label)[0] # Shuffle the indices np.random.shuffle(class_indices) # Select first 30 for training, next 10 for validation, next 10 for testing train_idx = class_indices[:30] val_idx = class_indices[30:40] test_idx = class_indices[40:50] # Append to the respective lists train_indices.extend(train_idx) val_indices.extend(val_idx) test_indices.extend(test_idx) # Convert lists to numpy arrays train_indices = np.array(train_indices) val_indices = np.array(val_indices) test_indices = np.array(test_indices) # Split the data using the indices x_train, y_train = X[train_indices], y_encoded[train_indices] x_val, y_val = X[val_indices], y_encoded[val_indices] x_test, y_test = X[test_indices], y_encoded[test_indices] # Standardize and normalize data (fit only on training set) scaler = StandardScaler() X_train_standardized = scaler.fit_transform(x_train).astype(np.float32) X_val_standardized = scaler.transform(x_val).astype(np.float32) X_test_standardized = scaler.transform(x_test).astype(np.float32) # Map features to [0, π/2] range min_max_scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, np.pi / 2)) X_train_mapped = min_max_scaler.fit_transform(X_train_standardized).astype(np.float32) X_val_mapped = min_max_scaler.transform(X_val_standardized).astype(np.float32) X_test_mapped = min_max_scaler.transform(X_test_standardized).astype(np.float32) # Hyperparameters learning_rate = 0.001 # Learning rate epochs = 200 # Number of training epochs batch_size = 16 # Batch size n_qubits = 15 # 15 qubits as per the original QNN n_layers = 2 # Number of layers model = QuantumNeuralNetwork( n_qubits=n_qubits, n_layers=n_layers, num_classes=num_classes ) if is_quantum_model(model): print("The model contains quantum neural network (QNN) layers.") else: print("The model does not contain quantum neural network (QNN) layers.") # Draw the quantum circuit sample_inputs = np.ones(4, dtype=np.float32) * (np.pi / 4) # Inputs mapped to [0, π/2] sample_encoding_weights = np.zeros((4, n_layers, 8), dtype=np.float32) sample_rot_weights = np.zeros((n_layers, n_qubits, 3), dtype=np.float32) sample_entangle_weights = np.zeros((n_layers, n_qubits - 1), dtype=np.float32) # qml.drawer.use_style('sketch') # print("\nQuantum circuit diagram:") # print(qml.draw(quantum_neural_network)(sample_inputs, sample_encoding_weights, sample_rot_weights, # sample_entangle_weights)) # qml.draw_mpl(quantum_neural_network)(sample_inputs, sample_encoding_weights, sample_rot_weights, # sample_entangle_weights)[0].savefig('7型swap移位变换_不重置RY.png') steps_per_epoch = len(X_train_mapped) // batch_size total_steps = epochs * steps_per_epoch # Create dataset (including validation set) dataset = InMemoryDataset( X_train_mapped, y_train, X_val_mapped, y_val, categorical=True ) # Initialize reweighting policy reweighting_policy = BiasedReweightingPolicy(k=1.0) # Initialize importance sampling training wrapped_model = ConstantTimeImportanceTraining(model, score="loss") # Use loss as score # Modify sampler to use dynamic alpha and beta def custom_sampler(dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs): return ConstantTimeSampler( dataset, reweighting_policy, model=wrapped_model.model, ) # Assign custom sampler to wrapped_model wrapped_model.sampler = custom_sampler # Use per-sample loss function loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False, reduction=tf.keras.losses.Reduction.NONE) # Compile model model.compile( optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate), loss=loss_fn, metrics=['accuracy'], run_eagerly=True # Set to False for better performance ) # Create a callback class to save training metrics class MetricsHistory(tf.keras.callbacks.Callback): def on_train_begin(self, logs=None): self.history = {'loss': [], 'accuracy': [], 'val_loss': [], 'val_accuracy': []} def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None): self.history['loss'].append(logs.get('loss')) self.history['accuracy'].append(logs.get('accuracy')) self.history['val_loss'].append(logs.get('val_loss')) self.history['val_accuracy'].append(logs.get('val_accuracy')) # Instantiate callbacks metrics_history = MetricsHistory() # Add early stopping callback callbacks = [ metrics_history, EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=20, restore_best_weights=True) ] # Train model using fit_dataset history = wrapped_model.fit_dataset( dataset=dataset, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch, verbose=1, callbacks=callbacks ) # 在训练完成后,评估测试集 print("\nEvaluating on test set:") test_loss, test_accuracy = wrapped_model.evaluate((X_test_mapped, y_test), mode='test') print('Test loss:', test_loss) print('Test accuracy:', test_accuracy) # Plot graphs using history from custom callback plot_history(metrics_history) mean_accuracy, fluctuation = calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(metrics_history) if mean_accuracy is not None and fluctuation is not None: print('Validation set mean accuracy:', mean_accuracy) print('Accuracy fluctuation:', fluctuation) # Close output file and restore stdout sys.stdout = original_stdout output_file.close() print( "Script execution completed. Please check 'output.log' for print output and check the saved plots in the current directory.")

上述是实验运行脚本
class _BaseImportanceTraining(object):
def init(self, model, score="gnorm", layer=None):
"""重要性采样训练的基类。

text
参数: model: 要训练的 Keras 模型。 """ # 检查模型是否兼容,并包装模型以支持重要性采样 self._check_model(model) self.original_model = model self.model = OracleWrapper( model, self.reweighting, score=score, layer=layer ) self.original_model.optimizer = self.model.optimizer signal("is.sample").connect(self._on_sample) signal("is.score").connect(self._on_scores) # 创建独立的验证损失指标 self.val_loss_metric = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='val_loss') # 初始化验证准确率指标 self.val_accuracy_metric = tf.keras.metrics.Accuracy(name='val_accuracy') # 初始化测试准确率指标 self.test_accuracy_metric = tf.keras.metrics.Accuracy(name='test_accuracy') # 初始化测试损失指标 self.test_loss_metric = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='test_loss') def _on_sample(self, event): self._latest_sample_event = event def _on_scores(self, scores): self._latest_scores = scores def _check_model(self, model): """检查模型是否使用了 Dropout 和 BatchNorm,并警告可能影响重要性计算。""" if any( isinstance(l, (tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization, Dropout)) for l in model.layers ): sys.stderr.write(("[NOTICE]: 您正在使用 BatchNormalization 和/或 Dropout。\n" "这些层可能会影响重要性计算,建议您用 LayerNormalization 或 " "在测试模式下的 BatchNormalization 以及 L2 正则化替代它们。\n")) @property def reweighting(self): """控制重要性采样时偏置的重加权策略。""" raise NotImplementedError() def sampler(self, dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs): """为给定的数据集创建一个新的采样器,以使用重要性采样进行采样。""" raise NotImplementedError() def fit(self, x, y, batch_size=32, epochs=1, verbose=1, callbacks=None, validation_split=0.0, validation_data=None, steps_per_epoch=None, on_sample=None, on_scores=None): """使用给定的数据创建一个 InMemoryDataset 实例,并使用重要性采样训练模型。 参数: x: 训练数据的 Numpy 数组或 Numpy 数组列表。 y: 目标数据的 Numpy 数组。 batch_size: 每个梯度更新的样本数。 epochs: 遍历整个训练集的次数。 verbose: {0, >0},是否使用 Keras 的进度条回调。 callbacks: 在训练期间调用的 Keras 回调列表。 validation_split: [0, 1) 之间的浮点数,用于验证的数据百分比。 validation_data: tuple,(x_val, y_val),用于模型验证的数据。 steps_per_epoch: int 或 None,每个 epoch 的步数。 on_sample: 接受 sampler, idxs, w, scores 的回调函数。 on_scores: 接受 sampler 和 scores 的回调函数。 返回: 包含训练期间收集的信息的 Keras `History` 对象。 """ # 处理验证数据集 if validation_data is not None: x_train, y_train = x, y x_test, y_test = validation_data elif validation_split > 0: assert validation_split < 1, "验证集比例必须小于 1" n = int(round(validation_split * len(x))) idxs = np.arange(len(x)) np.random.shuffle(idxs) x_train, y_train = x[idxs[n:]], y[idxs[n:]] x_test, y_test = x[idxs[:n]], y[idxs[:n]] else: x_train, y_train = x, y x_test, y_test = np.empty(shape=(0, x.shape[1])), np.empty(shape=(0, y.shape[1])) # 创建数据集 dataset = InMemoryDataset( x_train, y_train, x_test, y_test, categorical=False # 不需要转换标签 ) return self.fit_dataset( dataset=dataset, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch, verbose=verbose, callbacks=callbacks, on_sample=on_sample, on_scores=on_scores ) def fit_generator(self, train, steps_per_epoch=None, batch_size=32, epochs=1, verbose=1, callbacks=None, validation_data=None, validation_steps=None, on_sample=None, on_scores=None): """创建一个 GeneratorDataset 实例,并使用重要性采样训练模型。 参数: train: 返回 (inputs, targets) 的生成器或可迭代对象。 steps_per_epoch: 每个 epoch 的梯度更新次数。 batch_size: 每个梯度更新的样本数。 epochs: 训练轮数。 verbose: {0, >0},是否使用 Keras 的进度条回调。 validation_data: 生成器、可迭代对象或 (inputs, targets) 元组。 validation_steps: 如果 validation_data 是生成器,则需要指定此参数。 on_sample: 接受 sampler, idxs, w, scores 的回调函数。 on_scores: 接受 sampler 和 scores 的回调函数。 """ def infinite_iterator(iterable): while True: yield from iterable # 处理验证数据集 if validation_data is not None: if isinstance(validation_data, (tuple, list)): test = validation_data test_len = None elif isinstance(validation_data, Iterable): test = infinite_iterator(validation_data) try: test_len = len(validation_data) * batch_size except TypeError: test_len = validation_steps * batch_size if validation_steps else None else: test = validation_data test_len = validation_steps * batch_size if validation_steps else None else: test = (np.empty(shape=(0, 1)), np.empty(shape=(0, 1))) test_len = None logging.info("未提供验证数据") # 设置训练数据和每个 epoch 的步数 if isinstance(train, Iterable): if steps_per_epoch is None: try: steps_per_epoch = len(train) except TypeError: raise ValueError("使用没有 __len__ 方法的生成器时必须设置 steps_per_epoch") train = infinite_iterator(train) elif steps_per_epoch is None: raise ValueError("steps_per_epoch 未设置") dataset = GeneratorDataset(train, test, test_len) return self.fit_dataset( dataset=dataset, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch, verbose=verbose, callbacks=callbacks, on_sample=on_sample, on_scores=on_scores ) def fit_dataset(self, dataset, steps_per_epoch=None, batch_size=32, epochs=1, verbose=1, callbacks=None, on_sample=None, on_scores=None): # 设置训练数据和每个 epoch 的步数 if isinstance(dataset.train_data, Iterable): if steps_per_epoch is None: try: steps_per_epoch = len(dataset.train_data) except TypeError: raise ValueError("使用没有 __len__ 方法的生成器时必须设置 steps_per_epoch") train_iterator = iter(dataset.train_data) else: if steps_per_epoch is None: steps_per_epoch = len(dataset.train_data) // batch_size train_iterator = None # 使用索引访问 # 创建回调列表 self.history = History() callbacks = [BaseLogger()] + (callbacks or []) + [self.history] if verbose > 0: callbacks += [ProgbarLogger(count_mode="steps")] callbacks = CallbackList(callbacks) callbacks.set_model(self.original_model) callbacks.set_params({ "epochs": epochs, "steps": steps_per_epoch, "verbose": verbose, "do_validation": len(dataset.test_data) > 0, "metrics": self.metrics_names + [ "val_" + n for n in self.metrics_names ] }) # 创建采样器 sampler = self.sampler(dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs) # 开始训练循环 epoch = 0 self.original_model.stop_training = False callbacks.on_train_begin() while epoch < epochs: callbacks.on_epoch_begin(epoch) self.model.model.reset_metrics() for step in range(steps_per_epoch): batch_logs = {"batch": step, "size": batch_size} callbacks.on_batch_begin(step, batch_logs) # 在这里进行重要性采样 idxs, (x_batch, y_batch), w = sampler.sample(batch_size) # 将 x_batch 和 y_batch 转换为 TensorFlow 张量 x_batch = tf.convert_to_tensor(x_batch) y_batch = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_batch) w = tf.convert_to_tensor(w, dtype=tf.float32) # 自定义训练步骤 loss_value, metrics_results, scores = self.train_batch(x_batch, y_batch, w) # 更新采样器 sampler.update(idxs, scores) # 记录指标 batch_logs['loss'] = loss_value for metric_name, metric_value in zip(self.metrics_names[1:], metrics_results): batch_logs[metric_name] = metric_value callbacks.on_batch_end(step, batch_logs) if on_scores is not None and hasattr(self, "_latest_scores"): on_scores( sampler, self._latest_scores ) if on_sample is not None: on_sample( sampler, self._latest_sample_event["idxs"], self._latest_sample_event["w"], self._latest_sample_event["predicted_scores"] ) if self.original_model.stop_training: break # 在每个 epoch 结束时进行验证集评估 epoch_logs = {} if len(dataset.test_data) > 0: val_loss, val_accuracy = self.evaluate(dataset.test_data[:], mode='validation') epoch_logs['val_loss'] = val_loss if val_accuracy is not None: epoch_logs['val_accuracy'] = val_accuracy if val_accuracy is not None: print(f" - val_accuracy: {val_accuracy:.4f}") callbacks.on_epoch_end(epoch, epoch_logs) if self.original_model.stop_training: break epoch += 1 callbacks.on_train_end() return self.history @property def metrics_names(self): def name(x): if isinstance(x, str): return x if hasattr(x, "name"): if x.name in ['categorical_accuracy', 'sparse_categorical_accuracy']: return 'accuracy' return x.name if hasattr(x, "__name__"): return x.__name__ return str(x) metrics = self.model.model.metrics or [] return ( ["loss"] + [name(m) for m in metrics] ) def train_batch(self, x, y, w): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: y_pred = self.model.model(x, training=True) per_sample_losses = self.model.model.loss(y, y_pred) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) weights = tf.cast(w, tf.keras.backend.floatx()) # 计算加权损失 weighted_losses = per_sample_losses * weights loss = tf.reduce_mean(weighted_losses) # 包含正则化损失 reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(self.model.model.losses) reg_losses = tf.cast(reg_losses, loss.dtype) loss += reg_losses # 获取可训练变量 trainable_vars = self.model.model.trainable_variables # 计算梯度 gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars) self.model.model.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars)) # 仅更新损失指标 self.model.model.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred, sample_weight=weights) loss_metric = self.model.model.metrics[0].result().numpy() # 假设第一个指标是损失 # 计算不带权重的准确率 accuracy_metric = tf.keras.metrics.categorical_accuracy(y, y_pred) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(accuracy_metric).numpy() return loss.numpy(), [accuracy], per_sample_losses.numpy() def evaluate(self, test_data, mode='validation'): # 获取测试数据 x_test, y_test = test_data # 确保 x_test 和 y_test 是 NumPy 数组 x_test = np.asarray(x_test) y_test = np.asarray(y_test) # 模型预测(保持为浮点类型的概率值) y_pred = self.model.model.predict(x_test, batch_size=128) # 如果 y_test 是 one-hot 编码,保持为 one-hot 编码用于损失计算 if y_test.ndim > 1 and y_test.shape[-1] > 1: y_test_for_loss = y_test else: # 如果 y_test 是类别索引,转换为 one-hot 编码 num_classes = self.model.model.output_shape[-1] y_test_for_loss = tf.one_hot(y_test, depth=num_classes) # 确保 y_test_for_loss 是浮点类型 y_test_for_loss = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_test_for_loss, dtype=y_pred.dtype) y_pred_for_loss = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_pred, dtype=y_pred.dtype) # 计算每个样本的损失 per_sample_losses = self.model.model.loss(y_test_for_loss, y_pred_for_loss) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) # 计算平均损失 loss_value = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses) print("loss_value:", loss_value.numpy()) # 添加正则化损失 reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(self.model.model.losses) loss_value += reg_losses # 根据模式更新对应的损失指标 if mode == 'validation': # 更新验证损失指标 self.val_loss_metric.update_state(loss_value) elif mode == 'test': # 更新测试损失指标 self.test_loss_metric.update_state(loss_value) else: raise ValueError(f"Unsupported mode: {mode}") # 转换 y_test 和 y_pred 为类别索引用于准确率计算 if y_test.ndim > 1 and y_test.shape[-1] > 1: y_test_classes = np.argmax(y_test, axis=-1) else: y_test_classes = y_test if y_pred.ndim > 1 and y_pred.shape[-1] > 1: y_pred_classes = np.argmax(y_pred, axis=-1) else: y_pred_classes = y_pred # 转换为 TensorFlow 张量,确保数据类型正确 y_test_classes = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_test_classes, dtype=tf.int32) y_pred_classes = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_pred_classes, dtype=tf.int32) # 根据模式更新对应的准确率指标 if mode == 'validation' and self.val_accuracy_metric: self.val_accuracy_metric.reset_states() self.val_accuracy_metric.update_state(y_test_classes, y_pred_classes) val_accuracy = self.val_accuracy_metric.result().numpy() print("val_accuracy:", val_accuracy) accuracy = val_accuracy elif mode == 'test' and self.test_accuracy_metric: self.test_accuracy_metric.reset_states() self.test_accuracy_metric.update_state(y_test_classes, y_pred_classes) test_accuracy = self.test_accuracy_metric.result().numpy() print("test_accuracy:", test_accuracy) accuracy = test_accuracy else: accuracy = None print(f"{mode}_accuracy_metric not found or not set.") # 获取损失值 loss_value_to_print = loss_value.numpy() # 打印验证或测试指标 print("Validation Metrics:" if mode == 'validation' else "Test Metrics:") print( f" - val_loss: {loss_value_to_print:.4f}" if mode == 'validation' else f" - test_loss: {loss_value_to_print:.4f}") if accuracy is not None: print(f" - val_accuracy: {accuracy:.4f}" if mode == 'validation' else f" - test_accuracy: {accuracy:.4f}") return loss_value_to_print, accuracy

class _UnbiasedImportanceTraining(_BaseImportanceTraining):
def init(self, model, score="gnorm", layer=None):
self._reweighting = BiasedReweightingPolicy(1.0) # 无偏

text
super(_UnbiasedImportanceTraining, self).__init__(model, score, layer) @property def reweighting(self): return self._reweighting

class ConstantTimeImportanceTraining(_UnbiasedImportanceTraining):
"""使用常时间重要性采样训练模型。

text
参数: model: 要训练的 Keras 模型。 score: {"gnorm", "loss", "full_gnorm"},用于重要性采样的重要性度量。 layer: None 或 int 或 Layer,计算 gnorm 时使用的层。 """ def __init__(self, model, backward_pass_multiplier=2.0, extra_samples=0.1, score="gnorm", layer=None): self._backward_pass_multiplier = backward_pass_multiplier self._extra_samples = extra_samples super(ConstantTimeImportanceTraining, self).__init__( model, score, layer ) def sampler(self, dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs): return ConstantTimeSampler( dataset, self.reweighting, self.model, backward_time=self._backward_pass_multiplier, )

上述是training.py文件
class ModelWrapper(object):
"""ModelWrapper 的目的是包装一个神经网络,并添加一些额外的层,以生成得分、损失和样本权重,以执行重要性采样。"""

text
def _iterate_batches(self, x, y, batch_size): bs = batch_size for s in range(0, len(y), bs): if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)): xs = [xi[s:s+bs] for xi in x] else: xs = x[s:s+bs] yield xs, y[s:s+bs] def evaluate(self, x, y, batch_size=128): result = np.mean( np.vstack([ self.evaluate_batch(xi, yi) for xi, yi in self._iterate_batches(x, y, batch_size) ]), axis=0 ) signal("is.evaluation").send(result) return result def score(self, x, y, batch_size=128): bs = batch_size result = np.hstack([ self.score_batch(xi, yi).T for xi, yi in self._iterate_batches(x, y, batch_size) ]).T signal("is.score").send(result) return result def set_lr(self, lr): """设置模型的学习率。""" try: K.set_value( self.optimizer.lr, lr ) except AttributeError: try: K.set_value( self.model.optimizer.lr, lr ) except AttributeError: raise NotImplementedError() try: K.set_value( self.small.optimizer.lr, lr ) except AttributeError: pass def evaluate_batch(self, x, y): raise NotImplementedError() def score_batch(self, x, y): raise NotImplementedError() def train_batch(self, x, y, w): raise NotImplementedError()

class OracleWrapper(ModelWrapper):
def init(self, model, reweighting, score="loss", layer=None):
self.reweighting = reweighting
self.layer = None # Not applicable for QNN
self.score_method = score
self.model = model
self.optimizer = model.optimizer

text
def evaluate_batch(self, x, y): outputs = self.model.evaluate( x=x, y=y, verbose=0, return_dict=True ) loss = outputs['loss'] metrics = [outputs[m] for m in self.model.metrics_names[1:]] return [loss] + metrics # 直接使用梯度 # def score_batch(self, x, y): # y_pred = self.model(x, training=False) # if self.score_method == "gnorm": # # 计算每个样本的梯度范数 # with tf.GradientTape() as tape: # tape.watch(x) # y_pred = self.model(x, training=False) # loss = self.model.loss(y, y_pred) # gradients = tape.gradient(loss, x) # scores = tf.norm(gradients, axis=-1) # else: # # 默认使用损失作为得分 # per_sample_losses = self.model.loss(y, y_pred) # if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: # per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) # scores = per_sample_losses # return scores.numpy() def score_batch(self, x, y): y_pred = self.model(x, training=False) if self.score_method == "gnorm": # Compute gradient norm upper bound gradients = y_pred - y # Suitable for softmax activation and cross-entropy loss scores = tf.norm(gradients, axis=1) else: # Use loss as score by default per_sample_losses = self.model.loss(y, y_pred) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) scores = per_sample_losses return scores.numpy() def train_batch(self, x, y, w): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: y_pred = self.model(x, training=True) per_sample_losses = self.model.loss(y, y_pred) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) scores = per_sample_losses # Use losses as importance scores weights = tf.cast(w, tf.keras.backend.floatx()) # Use default float type # Compute weighted loss weighted_losses = per_sample_losses * weights loss = tf.reduce_mean(weighted_losses) # Include regularization losses reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(self.model.losses) loss += reg_losses # Get trainable variables trainable_vars = self.model.trainable_variables # Compute gradients gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars) # Update model parameters self.model.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars)) # Update metrics self.model.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred, sample_weight=weights) metrics = [metric.result().numpy() for metric in self.model.metrics] return loss.numpy(), metrics, scores.numpy() def __call__(self, x, training=False): return self.model(x, training=training)

def _tolist(x, acceptable_iterables=(list, tuple)):
if not isinstance(x, acceptable_iterables):
x = [x]
return x

def _get_scoring_layer(score, y_true, y_pred, loss_fn="categorical_crossentropy",
layer=None, model=None):
"""获取一个计算每个 y_true 和 y_pred 对的得分的层"""
assert score in ["loss", "gnorm", "full_gnorm", "acc"]

text
if score == "loss": return LossLayer(loss_fn, name='score_layer')([ y_true, y_pred ]) elif score == "gnorm": return GradientNormLayer( layer.output, loss_fn, fast=False, name='score_layer' )([ y_true, y_pred ]) elif score == "full_gnorm": return GradientNormLayer( model.trainable_weights, loss_fn, fast=False, name='score_layer' )([ y_true, y_pred ]) elif score == "acc": return MetricLayer(categorical_accuracy, name='score_layer')([ y_true, y_pred ])

class ModelWrapperDecorator(ModelWrapper):
def init(self, model_wrapper, implemented_attributes=set()):
self.model_wrapper = model_wrapper
self.implemented_attributes = (
implemented_attributes | set(["model_wrapper"])
)

text
def __getattribute__(self, name): _getattr = object.__getattribute__ implemented_attributes = _getattr(self, "implemented_attributes") if name in implemented_attributes: return _getattr(self, name) else: model_wrapper = _getattr(self, "model_wrapper") return getattr(model_wrapper, name)

上述是model_wrappers.py文件
阅读上述代码告诉我损失值的具体流程,用代码进行表示

思考

Examining the code

I’m analyzing a Python script that integrates TensorFlow and PennyLane for training a quantum neural network, including custom importance sampling and model wrappers. The task is to elucidate the process of loss value computation and updating from the provided customs and wrappers.

Tracing the intricate steps

I’m leading the analysis by examining the train_batch function in OracleWrapper, integrating with ConstantTimeImportanceTraining, and tracing the main training loop for loss computation and updates. Progress is steady and structured.

Thought for 4 seconds

回答

在您提供的代码中,损失值(Loss)的计算和更新过程涉及多个步骤,尤其是由于使用了重要性采样(Importance Sampling)自定义训练循环。以下是对损失值具体流程的详细解释,并附带相应的代码表示,以帮助您更好地理解整个过程。

总体流程概述

  1. 数据准备与预处理
  2. 模型定义
    • 量子神经网络层
    • 经典神经网络层
  3. 重要性采样训练类的初始化
  4. 训练循环
    • 采样数据
    • 计算加权损失
    • 反向传播与参数更新
    • 记录与评估指标
  5. 测试集评估

详细流程与代码表示

1. 数据准备与预处理

首先,加载和预处理数据,包括标准化和映射特征值到 [0, π/2] 范围。

python
# 加载数据 iris = load_iris() X = iris['data'].astype(np.float32) y = iris['target'].reshape(-1, 1) # One-Hot 编码标签 encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False) y_encoded = encoder.fit_transform(y).astype(np.float32) num_classes = y_encoded.shape[1] # 数据集划分(训练、验证、测试) # ...(省略具体划分代码) # 数据标准化 scaler = StandardScaler() X_train_standardized = scaler.fit_transform(x_train).astype(np.float32) X_val_standardized = scaler.transform(x_val).astype(np.float32) X_test_standardized = scaler.transform(x_test).astype(np.float32) # 特征映射到 [0, π/2] 范围 min_max_scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, np.pi / 2)) X_train_mapped = min_max_scaler.fit_transform(X_train_standardized).astype(np.float32) X_val_mapped = min_max_scaler.transform(X_val_standardized).astype(np.float32) X_test_mapped = min_max_scaler.transform(X_test_standardized).astype(np.float32)

2. 模型定义

2.1 量子神经网络层

定义量子神经网络层,负责将输入特征编码到量子电路,并生成量子态输出。

python
class QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer): def __init__(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes): super(QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer, self).__init__() self.n_qubits = n_qubits self.n_layers = n_layers self.num_classes = num_classes # 定义编码权重 initializer = tf.keras.initializers.GlorotUniform() regularizer = tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01) self.encoding_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(4, self.n_layers, 8), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='encoding_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # 定义旋转门权重 self.rot_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits, 3), initializer=initializer, regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='rot_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) # 定义纠缠门权重 self.entangle_weights = self.add_weight( shape=(n_layers, n_qubits - 1), initializer=tf.keras.initializers.RandomUniform(0, 2 * np.pi), regularizer=regularizer, trainable=True, name='entangle_weights', dtype=tf.float32 ) def call(self, inputs): outputs_list = [] for i in range(tf.shape(inputs)[0]): x = inputs[i] x = tf.cast(x, tf.float32) result = quantum_neural_network(x, self.encoding_weights, self.rot_weights, self.entangle_weights) outputs_list.append(tf.cast(result, tf.float32)) outputs = tf.stack(outputs_list, axis=0) return outputs
2.2 经典神经网络层

定义经典神经网络层,将量子层的输出进一步处理并进行分类。

python
class QuantumNeuralNetwork(tf.keras.Model): def __init__(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs): super(QuantumNeuralNetwork, self).__init__(**kwargs) self.n_qubits = n_qubits self.n_layers = n_layers self.num_classes = num_classes # 量子层 self.quantum_layer = QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes) # 经典层 self.dense1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense( 16, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) # 输出层 self.output_layer = Dense( num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001), dtype=tf.float32 ) def call(self, inputs): q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs) x = self.dense1(q_output) return self.output_layer(x)

3. 重要性采样训练类的初始化

使用自定义的 ConstantTimeImportanceTraining 类封装模型,以支持重要性采样训练。

python
# 初始化重要性采样策略 reweighting_policy = BiasedReweightingPolicy(k=1.0) # 初始化重要性采样训练类 wrapped_model = ConstantTimeImportanceTraining(model, score="loss") # 自定义采样器 def custom_sampler(dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs): return ConstantTimeSampler( dataset, reweighting_policy, model=wrapped_model.model, ) # 赋值自定义采样器 wrapped_model.sampler = custom_sampler

4. 训练循环

4.1 定义损失函数与编译模型

使用类别交叉熵损失函数,并编译模型。

python
# 使用每样本损失 loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False, reduction=tf.keras.losses.Reduction.NONE) # 编译模型 model.compile( optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate), loss=loss_fn, metrics=['accuracy'], run_eagerly=True # 为了调试,实际训练时可以设置为 False )
4.2 定义回调函数

自定义回调函数用于记录训练指标。

python
class MetricsHistory(tf.keras.callbacks.Callback): def on_train_begin(self, logs=None): self.history = {'loss': [], 'accuracy': [], 'val_loss': [], 'val_accuracy': []} def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None): self.history['loss'].append(logs.get('loss')) self.history['accuracy'].append(logs.get('accuracy')) self.history['val_loss'].append(logs.get('val_loss')) self.history['val_accuracy'].append(logs.get('val_accuracy'))
4.3 执行训练

使用 fit_dataset 方法进行训练,结合重要性采样。

python
# 实例化回调 metrics_history = MetricsHistory() # 添加早停回调 callbacks = [ metrics_history, EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=20, restore_best_weights=True) ] # 开始训练 history = wrapped_model.fit_dataset( dataset=dataset, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch, verbose=1, callbacks=callbacks )
4.4 训练过程中的损失计算与更新

以下是损失值计算和更新的具体流程,基于您提供的 ConstantTimeImportanceTrainingOracleWrapper 类。

4.4.1 ConstantTimeImportanceTraining.fit_dataset 方法

该方法负责整个训练循环,包括采样、损失计算、梯度更新等。

python
def fit_dataset(self, dataset, steps_per_epoch=None, batch_size=32, epochs=1, verbose=1, callbacks=None, on_sample=None, on_scores=None): # ...(省略部分代码) # 创建采样器 sampler = self.sampler(dataset, batch_size, steps_per_epoch, epochs) # 开始训练循环 epoch = 0 self.original_model.stop_training = False callbacks.on_train_begin() while epoch < epochs: callbacks.on_epoch_begin(epoch) self.model.model.reset_metrics() for step in range(steps_per_epoch): batch_logs = {"batch": step, "size": batch_size} callbacks.on_batch_begin(step, batch_logs) # 在这里进行重要性采样 idxs, (x_batch, y_batch), w = sampler.sample(batch_size) # 将 x_batch 和 y_batch 转换为 TensorFlow 张量 x_batch = tf.convert_to_tensor(x_batch) y_batch = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_batch) w = tf.convert_to_tensor(w, dtype=tf.float32) # 自定义训练步骤 loss_value, metrics_results, scores = self.train_batch(x_batch, y_batch, w) # 更新采样器 sampler.update(idxs, scores) # 记录指标 batch_logs['loss'] = loss_value for metric_name, metric_value in zip(self.metrics_names[1:], metrics_results): batch_logs[metric_name] = metric_value callbacks.on_batch_end(step, batch_logs) # ...(省略部分代码) # 在每个 epoch 结束时进行验证集评估 epoch_logs = {} if len(dataset.test_data) > 0: val_loss, val_accuracy = self.evaluate(dataset.test_data[:], mode='validation') epoch_logs['val_loss'] = val_loss if val_accuracy is not None: epoch_logs['val_accuracy'] = val_accuracy if val_accuracy is not None: print(f" - val_accuracy: {val_accuracy:.4f}") callbacks.on_epoch_end(epoch, epoch_logs) if self.original_model.stop_training: break epoch += 1 callbacks.on_train_end() return self.history
4.4.2 OracleWrapper.train_batch 方法

负责计算加权损失、梯度计算与应用、更新指标。

python
def train_batch(self, x, y, w): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: y_pred = self.model(x, training=True) per_sample_losses = self.model.loss(y, y_pred) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) scores = per_sample_losses # 使用损失作为重要性得分 weights = tf.cast(w, tf.keras.backend.floatx()) # 转换权重 # 计算加权损失 weighted_losses = per_sample_losses * weights loss = tf.reduce_mean(weighted_losses) # 包含正则化损失 reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(self.model.losses) loss += reg_losses # 获取可训练变量 trainable_vars = self.model.trainable_variables # 计算梯度 gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars) self.model.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars)) # 更新指标 self.model.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred, sample_weight=weights) loss_metric = self.model.metrics[0].result().numpy() # 假设第一个指标是损失 # 计算不带权重的准确率 accuracy_metric = tf.keras.metrics.categorical_accuracy(y, y_pred) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(accuracy_metric).numpy() return loss.numpy(), [accuracy], per_sample_losses.numpy()
4.4.3 损失计算流程

以下是损失值的具体计算流程,用伪代码表示:

python
def compute_loss(x_batch, y_batch, w, model): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: # 前向传播 y_pred = model(x_batch, training=True) # 计算每个样本的损失(未缩减) per_sample_losses = model.loss(y_batch, y_pred) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) # 使用损失作为重要性得分 scores = per_sample_losses # 应用权重 weights = tf.cast(w, tf.keras.backend.floatx()) weighted_losses = per_sample_losses * weights # 计算加权损失的平均值 loss = tf.reduce_mean(weighted_losses) # 添加正则化损失 reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(model.losses) loss += reg_losses # 计算梯度并更新参数 gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables) model.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables)) # 更新指标 model.compiled_metrics.update_state(y_batch, y_pred, sample_weight=weights) # 获取损失和准确率 loss_value = model.metrics[0].result().numpy() accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.keras.metrics.categorical_accuracy(y_batch, y_pred)).numpy() return loss_value, accuracy, per_sample_losses.numpy()
4.5 训练过程中的损失记录与更新

在每个 train_batch 调用后,损失值和准确率被记录并用于后续的指标更新与评估。

python
# 在 fit_dataset 方法中 loss_value, metrics_results, scores = self.train_batch(x_batch, y_batch, w) sampler.update(idxs, scores) batch_logs['loss'] = loss_value for metric_name, metric_value in zip(self.metrics_names[1:], metrics_results): batch_logs[metric_name] = metric_value callbacks.on_batch_end(step, batch_logs)

5. 测试集评估

训练完成后,使用测试集评估模型性能,包括计算测试损失和准确率。

python
# 在主训练脚本中 test_loss, test_accuracy = wrapped_model.evaluate((X_test_mapped, y_test), mode='test') print('Test loss:', test_loss) print('Test accuracy:', test_accuracy)

evaluate 方法的具体流程如下:

python
def evaluate(self, test_data, mode='test'): x_test, y_test = test_data # 转换为 NumPy 数组 x_test = np.asarray(x_test) y_test = np.asarray(y_test) # 模型预测 y_pred = self.model.model.predict(x_test, batch_size=128) # 处理标签 if y_test.ndim > 1 and y_test.shape[-1] > 1: y_test_for_loss = y_test else: y_test_for_loss = tf.one_hot(y_test, depth=num_classes) y_test_for_loss = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_test_for_loss, dtype=y_pred.dtype) y_pred_for_loss = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_pred, dtype=y_pred.dtype) # 计算每个样本的损失 per_sample_losses = self.model.model.loss(y_test_for_loss, y_pred_for_loss) if len(per_sample_losses.shape) > 1: per_sample_losses = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses, axis=-1) # 计算平均损失 loss_value = tf.reduce_mean(per_sample_losses) # 添加正则化损失 reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(self.model.model.losses) loss_value += reg_losses # 更新损失指标 if mode == 'validation': self.val_loss_metric.update_state(loss_value) elif mode == 'test': self.test_loss_metric.update_state(loss_value) else: raise ValueError(f"Unsupported mode: {mode}") # 转换为类别索引 if y_test.ndim > 1 and y_test.shape[-1] > 1: y_test_classes = np.argmax(y_test, axis=-1) else: y_test_classes = y_test if y_pred.ndim > 1 and y_pred.shape[-1] > 1: y_pred_classes = np.argmax(y_pred, axis=-1) else: y_pred_classes = y_pred y_test_classes = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_test_classes, dtype=tf.int32) y_pred_classes = tf.convert_to_tensor(y_pred_classes, dtype=tf.int32) # 更新准确率指标 if mode == 'validation' and self.val_accuracy_metric: self.val_accuracy_metric.reset_states() self.val_accuracy_metric.update_state(y_test_classes, y_pred_classes) val_accuracy = self.val_accuracy_metric.result().numpy() elif mode == 'test' and self.test_accuracy_metric: self.test_accuracy_metric.reset_states() self.test_accuracy_metric.update_state(y_test_classes, y_pred_classes) test_accuracy = self.test_accuracy_metric.result().numpy() else: accuracy = None return loss_value.numpy(), accuracy

总结

损失值的具体流程如下:

  1. 前向传播:将输入数据传递给模型,获得预测输出 y_pred
  2. 计算每个样本的损失
    • 使用 CategoricalCrossentropy 损失函数,计算每个样本的损失值 per_sample_losses
  3. 应用权重
    • 每个样本的损失乘以其对应的权重 w,得到加权损失 weighted_losses
  4. 计算总损失
    • 将所有加权损失求平均,得到批次的总损失 loss
    • 加上正则化损失 reg_losses,得到最终的损失值。
  5. 反向传播与参数更新
    • 计算梯度 gradients,并使用优化器更新模型参数。
  6. 指标更新
    • 使用加权损失和预测结果更新训练指标(如损失和准确率)。
  7. 采样器更新
    • 根据每个样本的损失值更新采样器,以便在下一个批次中更有效地采样重要样本。
  8. 验证与评估
    • 在每个 epoch 结束时,使用验证集评估模型性能,计算验证损失和准确率。
    • 在训练完成后,使用测试集进行最终评估。

通过上述流程,您的模型能够在训练过程中动态调整对不同样本的关注程度,从而提高训练效率和模型性能。

完整的损失计算流程代码示例

以下是一个简化的代码示例,展示了损失值的计算和更新流程:

python
def train_step(x_batch, y_batch, w, model): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: # 前向传播 y_pred = model(x_batch, training=True) # 计算每个样本的损失 per_sample_losses = tf.keras.losses.categorical_crossentropy(y_batch, y_pred, from_logits=False) # 使用损失作为重要性得分 scores = per_sample_losses # 应用权重 weights = tf.cast(w, tf.float32) weighted_losses = per_sample_losses * weights # 计算总损失 loss = tf.reduce_mean(weighted_losses) # 添加正则化损失 reg_losses = tf.reduce_sum(model.losses) loss += reg_losses # 计算梯度 gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables) # 更新参数 model.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables)) # 更新指标 model.compiled_metrics.update_state(y_batch, y_pred, sample_weight=weights) # 获取损失和准确率 loss_value = model.metrics[0].result().numpy() accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.keras.metrics.categorical_accuracy(y_batch, y_pred)).numpy() return loss_value, accuracy, per_sample_losses.numpy()

重要性采样的影响

在您的训练过程中,重要性采样通过以下方式影响损失的计算:

  • 样本权重(Weights):每个样本的损失根据其重要性得分 w 进行加权。这意味着更重要的样本对总损失的贡献更大,从而驱动模型更多地关注这些样本。
  • 采样器更新:在每个训练步骤后,根据当前批次的损失值更新采样策略,以便在下一个批次中更有效地采样重要样本。

可视化与监控

通过记录和绘制训练和验证的损失与准确率曲线,可以直观地监控模型的训练过程,帮助识别训练中的问题(如过拟合、欠拟合或训练不稳定)。

python
def plot_history(history): # 绘制训练和验证准确率 fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5)) ax.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy') if 'val_accuracy' in history.history: ax.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy') ax.set_title('Model Accuracy') ax.set_ylabel('Accuracy') ax.set_xlabel('Epoch') ax.legend(loc='upper left') plt.savefig('accuracy_plot.png') plt.close(fig) # 绘制训练和验证损失 fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5)) ax.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss') if 'val_loss' in history.history: ax.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss') ax.set_title('Model Loss') ax.set_ylabel('Loss') ax.set_xlabel('Epoch') ax.legend(loc='upper right') plt.savefig('loss_plot.png') plt.close(fig)

结论

通过以上详细的流程和代码示例,您可以清晰地理解损失值在您的量子神经网络训练中的具体计算与更新过程。重要性采样的引入进一步增强了模型对关键样本的关注能力,有助于提升整体性能。确保在训练过程中正确管理损失计算、梯度更新和指标记录,是实现稳定有效训练的关键。

如果您在实际运行中遇到任何问题或需要进一步的优化建议,请随时提出!

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