请详细的用中文和英文回答这个文档里面所有的问题

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Câu hỏi

506'2(2).pdf

请详细的用中文和英文回答这个文档里面所有的问题

Trả lời

以下是文档中所有问题的详细回答(中文与英文):


Question 1(25分)

(a)

图Q1a中展示了两种功率MOSFET的横截面结构图。

中文回答:
两种功率MOSFET结构通常为平面型(Planar MOSFET)和沟槽型(Trench MOSFET)。

  • 差异:
    • 平面MOSFET的沟道水平形成于硅片表面,而沟槽MOSFET的沟道则在垂直蚀刻的沟槽侧壁上形成。
  • 性能优势:
    • 沟槽型MOSFET拥有更低的导通电阻(Rds(on)),提供更高的电流密度和更低的损耗,更适合高频开关应用。
    • 平面型结构制造工艺更简单,生产成本较低,更易于控制可靠性和重复性。

英文回答:
The two types of power MOSFETs shown in Fig. Q1a are typically Planar MOSFET and Trench MOSFET.

  • Differences:
    • Planar MOSFET forms the channel horizontally at the silicon surface, while the trench MOSFET forms the channel vertically along etched trench sidewalls.
  • Advantages:
    • Trench MOSFET has lower on-resistance (Rds(on)), allowing higher current density and lower losses, making it more suitable for high-frequency switching.
    • Planar MOSFET has simpler fabrication processes, lower production cost, and better controllability of reliability and repeatability.

(b)

当阻断电压达到500 V时,导通电阻哪个分量占主导?这如何影响器件设计?

中文回答:
当阻断电压达到500 V以上时,漂移区电阻(RD)变为主导因素。这一现象要求设计时要减小漂移区的掺杂浓度和优化漂移区厚度,以降低RD对整体导通电阻的影响,同时满足高压要求。

英文回答:
When the blocking voltage reaches about 500 V, the drift region resistance (RD) becomes dominant. This knowledge leads to the design consideration of optimizing the doping concentration and thickness of the drift region to minimize its resistance contribution while maintaining the required high-voltage blocking capability.


(c)

为何在强反型条件下MOSFET表面粗糙度散射占主导地位?

中文回答:
在强反型条件下,沟道中的载流子被强烈限制在氧化层与硅界面附近的狭窄区域内,导致电子(或空穴)更容易受到界面粗糙度散射的影响,从而降低迁移率。

英文回答:
Under strong inversion conditions, charge carriers in the channel are tightly confined near the oxide-silicon interface. This strong confinement makes electrons (or holes) more susceptible to scattering caused by surface roughness, significantly reducing their mobility.


Question 2(25分)

(a)

为何功率器件需要边缘终端技术?描述三种常用的边缘终端方法。

中文回答:
边缘终端技术用于避免器件边缘处电场集中,防止器件过早击穿。
三种常用方法为:

  1. 场限环(Field Limiting Rings,FLR):利用多个扩散环逐步降低电场。
  2. 氧化物边缘终端(Oxide Passivation):利用厚氧化物降低表面电场。
  3. 渐变掺杂区(Junction Termination Extension,JTE):利用掺杂浓度逐渐降低,平缓电场分布。

英文回答:
Edge termination techniques are employed to prevent high electric field concentration at the edges, thus avoiding premature breakdown.
Three common methods:

  1. Field Limiting Rings (FLR): Use multiple diffusion rings to gradually decrease the electric field.
  2. Oxide Passivation: Employ thick oxide layers to reduce surface electric fields.
  3. Junction Termination Extension (JTE): Employ a gradually decreasing doping profile to smooth electric field distribution.

(b)

计算平面PN结、圆柱型PN结和球型PN结的最大电场。

中文回答:
给定掺杂条件(P+区掺杂3×10^18/cm³,N区掺杂1×10^15/cm³),最大电场位置依次为:

  • 底部(平面结):利用平板结模型计算;
  • 窗口边缘(圆柱结):使用圆柱结模型;
  • 窗口角落(球面结):使用球形结模型。 需使用题中给出的公式及参数进行计算。

英文回答:
Given doping concentrations (P+ region: 3×10^18/cm³, N region: 1×10^15/cm³), the maximum electric fields are calculated at:

  • Bottom (Plane junction): Calculated using plane junction model;
  • Edge of window (Cylindrical junction): Using cylindrical junction model;
  • Corners of window (Spherical junction): Using spherical junction model.
    The given formulas and parameters should be used for calculations.

Question 3(25分)

(a)

功率SiC MOSFET应选择哪个多型体?生长条件是什么?

中文回答:
功率MOSFET通常选择4H-SiC多型体,因其具有较高的电子迁移率、低缺陷密度和更好的稳定性。
推荐使用高温(约2100-2500°C)、低压力、受控的晶体生长速率条件下进行生长,以获得优质晶体。

英文回答:
4H-SiC is preferred for power MOSFETs due to its higher electron mobility, lower defect density, and better stability.
Recommended growth conditions include high temperature (~2100-2500°C), low pressure, and controlled crystal growth rates to achieve high-quality crystals.


(b)

高质量n型SiC衬底的制备工艺是什么?

中文回答:
通过物理气相传输法(PVT)生长出大尺寸SiC晶体,随后进行切割、研磨、抛光、清洗和掺杂控制,以获得高质量的n型SiC衬底。

英文回答:
High-quality n-type SiC substrates are prepared via Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) growth, followed by slicing, grinding, polishing, cleaning, and doping control.


(c)

描述SiC外延生长步骤和质量检查方法。

中文回答:
步骤:表面清洗→SiC外延生长(CVD方法)→降温与退火处理。
质量检查方法:使用显微镜检查缺陷密度、X射线衍射检查晶格质量、霍尔效应测试掺杂浓度与迁移率。

英文回答:
Steps: Surface cleaning → SiC epitaxial growth (via CVD) → Cooling and annealing.
Quality checks: Defect inspection (microscopy), lattice quality (X-ray diffraction), doping and mobility (Hall effect).


(d)

如何利用反射测量法测定外延层厚度?

中文回答:
利用干涉原理,根据反射光谱的干涉条纹周期计算外延膜层的厚度。

英文回答:
Reflectance measurement uses interference fringes from the reflected spectrum; the epitaxial thickness is calculated based on the periodicity of these fringes.


Question 4 (略,需图片)

(因涉及详细图示分析,请另外上传清晰图片或指示。)


以上内容涵盖文档中问题的详细回答,图示问题需上传清晰图像后具体回答。

Câu hỏi

请计算第二题的b

Suy nghĩ

Identifying key models

I’m piecing together the question about three models for maximum electric fields: plane p-n junction, cylindrical junction, and spherical junction, considering doping concentrations and P+ body depth.

Examining cylindrical effects

I'm looking into how the cylindrical junction model, with a factor of 1 + rj/rD, raises the maximum electric field calculation by adjusting for its unique geometry.

Calculating edge fields

I’m working through determining the maximum electric fields at the p-n junction's bottom, edge, and corners, considering the doping ratio and the depletion region, likely extending to the N side.

Determining calculations

I’m figuring out the maximum electric fields at the p-n junction's bottom, edge, and corners. Assuming abrupt doping, the depletion region mainly includes the N side.

Calculating built-in potential

I’m using the doping ratios to estimate the built-in potential as Vbi ~ 0.78 eV, suggesting the heavily doped regions are negligible.

Inferring geometric influences

I’m noting that unknown radii prevent precise calculations, but the problem suggests considering geometry as cylindrical or spherical rather than plane.

Mapping junction characteristics

I'm thinking about the junction radius and depletion region thickness, but I need more data to pinpoint the maximum electric fields, factoring in the built-in potential or applied reverse bias.

Calculating electric field

I'm noting that the calculation of the maximum electric field involves the built-in potential, requiring the doping ratio approach to accurately estimate the depletion region.

Estimating depletion region

I’m pinning down the depletion region thickness on the N side using theoretical formulas for maximum electric field, factoring in the built-in potential and doping ratios.

Adjusting my approach

I’m curious about the influence of the doping ratio and radius on electric fields for different geometries. The focus shifts to a ratio-based solution for E fields.

Assessing depletion regions

I’m estimating the depletion region thickness on the N side by applying the doping ratio formula, finding it to be significantly smaller than the P side, suggesting a minimal P side depletion.

Evaluating the electric field

I'm calculating the maximum electric field using the plane model, assuming a built-in potential and relative permittivity. Incorporating doping ratios, I also explore cylindrical and spherical approximations.

Evaluating breakdown voltage

I'm working on determining the breakdown voltage for a doping level of 1e15, using a standard formula and considering silicon's critical field of 3e5 - 5e5 V/cm.

Piecing together field ratios

I’m examining electric field ratios in different geometries: 2.9 x 10^5 V/cm for plane, 3.7 x 10^5 V/cm for cylindrical, and 4.5 x 10^5 V/cm for spherical, given a doping of 1e15.

Piecing together field ratios

I'm using standard formulas to compare electric field ratios in cylindrical and spherical geometries, considering ratios like 2 for cylindrical and 3 for spherical, and evaluating the depletion region for doping 1e15.

Reasoned about PN junction electric field for 26 seconds

Python

python
import math # Known constants: q = 1.60217662e-19 # Coulombs eps_si = 11.7 * 8.854187817e-14 # F/cm (permittivity of silicon) kT_q = 0.02585 # eV at ~300K ni = 1.45e10 # cm^-3 Na = 3e18 # cm^-3 (p+ doping) Nd = 1e15 # cm^-3 (n doping) # Approx built-in potential in V (not eV): # Vbi = (kT/q) * ln( (Na*Nd)/(ni^2) ) in eV -> multiply by 1 for eV, but we want in volts # 1 eV = 1.60217662e-19 J, but we can do it more directly in eV for convenience Vbi_eV = kT_q*math.log((Na*Nd)/(ni**2)) # Convert eV to Volts Vbi = Vbi_eV # 1 eV = 1 V if we keep them in eV units. Actually, we should keep them consistent print("Built-in potential (in eV) = ", Vbi_eV) # But let's do a real approach for doping-limited breakdown or just the built in potential approach. # Depletion region on N side for a one-sided abrupt junction: # Xn = sqrt(2 * eps * (Vbi) / (q * Nd)) (in cm) Xn = math.sqrt(2*eps_si*Vbi / (q*Nd)) print("Depletion region in N side (cm) = ", Xn) # The maximum electric field at the pn interface for plane junction is: # Emax_plane = q * Nd * Xn / eps OR equivalently = sqrt(2*q*Nd*Vbi/eps) Emax_plane = math.sqrt(2*q*Nd*Vbi/eps_si) print("Emax (plane) (V/cm) ~", Emax_plane)

Python

python
import math # Known constants: q = 1.60217662e-19 # Coulombs eps_si = 11.7 * 8.854187817e-14 # F/cm (permittivity of silicon) kT_q = 0.02585 # eV at ~300K ni = 1.45e10 # cm^-3 Na = 3e18 # cm^-3 (p+ doping) Nd = 1e15 # cm^-3 (n doping) # Approx built-in potential in V (not eV): # Vbi = (kT/q) * ln( (Na*Nd)/(ni^2) ) in eV -> multiply by 1 for eV, but we want in volts # 1 eV = 1.60217662e-19 J, but we can do it more directly in eV for convenience Vbi_eV = kT_q*math.log((Na*Nd)/(ni**2)) # Convert eV to Volts Vbi = Vbi_eV # 1 eV = 1 V if we keep them in eV units. Actually, we should keep them consistent print("Built-in potential (in eV) = ", Vbi_eV) # But let's do a real approach for doping-limited breakdown or just the built in potential approach. # Depletion region on N side for a one-sided abrupt junction: # Xn = sqrt(2 * eps * (Vbi) / (q * Nd)) (in cm) Xn = math.sqrt(2*eps_si*Vbi / (q*Nd)) print("Depletion region in N side (cm) = ", Xn) # The maximum electric field at the pn interface for plane junction is: # Emax_plane = q * Nd * Xn / eps OR equivalently = sqrt(2*q*Nd*Vbi/eps) Emax_plane = math.sqrt(2*q*Nd*Vbi/eps_si) print("Emax (plane) (V/cm) ~", Emax_plane)

Suy nghĩ

Weighing potential impacts

I'm noting the built-in potential of 1.56 x 10^4 V/cm. However, without an external bias, this might be insufficient for avalanche breakdown. Let's explore a doping-limited avalanche breakdown formula.

Calculating electric fields

I’m working with a doping-limited breakdown formula for silicon, focusing on different junction shapes. The formula for cylindrical junctions includes factors like rJ and rD.

Estimating electric fields

OK, let me see: estimating edge radius (rJ) as 0.5 µm and depletion region (rD) as 20 µm. Cylindrical and spherical electric fields show about a 5-10% difference.

Estimating electric fields

I’m refining estimates for cylindrical and spherical p-n junctions, anticipating electric fields around 3.05 x 10^5 and 3.1 x 10^5 V/cm, based on specific rJ and depletion region values.

Pondering electric fields

I'm gathering info on electric fields for a p-n junction, especially edge and corner effects. Typical values: plane at 3.0 x 10^5 V/cm, cylindrical edge at 3.08 x 10^5 V/cm, and corner at 3.15 x 10^5 V/cm.

Reasoned for 12 seconds

Python

python
import math # Let’s estimate the depletion region xD for a breakdown voltage of about 200 V # in a one-sided abrupt junction with doping 1e15 cm^-3: BV = 200.0 q = 1.60217662e-19 eps_si = 11.7 * 8.854187817e-14 Nd = 1e15 xD_200V = math.sqrt(2*eps_si*BV/(q*Nd)) print("Depletion region for ~200 V breakdown (cm):", xD_200V*1e4," micrometers") # Then plane Emax ~ ? Emax_200V_plane = math.sqrt(2*q*Nd*BV/eps_si) print("Emax plane for ~200 V breakdown (V/cm):", Emax_200V_plane) # If rJ = 0.5 micrometer = 5e-5 cm rJ = 5e-5 ratio = rJ/xD_200V print("rJ / xD = ", ratio) Emax_cyl = Emax_200V_plane*(1+ratio) Emax_sph = Emax_200V_plane*(1+2*ratio) print("Emax(cyl) ~", Emax_cyl, "V/cm") print("Emax(sph) ~", Emax_sph, "V/cm")

Suy nghĩ

Reasoned for a couple of seconds

Trả lời

下面给出对题目 Question 2(b) 的具体计算示例与结果。由于题目中并未给出明确的反向偏置电压(即击穿电压)或其他边界条件,这里通过一个典型的假设“器件在约 200 V 的反向偏置下进入雪崩击穿”来示范如何计算三个位置(平面区域、圆柱形边缘、球形转角)的最大电场。若题目或课堂讲义中给出了其它特定电压或具体几何尺寸,可将相应数值代入同样的公式进行计算。


1. 基本假设与公式

  1. 一端强掺杂(P+,Na=3×10^18/cm³),另一端弱掺杂(N,Nd=1×10^15/cm³)的突变结
    由于掺杂比极大(约 3000:1),耗尽层主要位于 n 侧 (Nd=1×10^15/cm³)。p+ 侧耗尽深度可忽略。

  2. 选择一个典型击穿电压
    在本示例中,假设在约 200 V 的反向偏置下,p-n 结进入雪崩击穿。可根据课堂讲义或器件设计要求选取实际电压。

  3. 用到的常数

    • 电子电荷:
      q = 1.602×10^(-19) C
    • 硅介电常数:
      ε_si = ε_0·ε_r(Si) = (8.854×10^(-14) F/cm)×(11.7) ≈ 1.04×10^(-12) F/cm
    • n 侧掺杂浓度:
      Nd = 1×10^15 cm^(-3)
  4. 三种几何模型的最大电场(示意)

    • 平面 p-n 结 (Plane junction)

      Emax,plane2qNdVRε E_\text{max,plane} \approx \sqrt{\frac{2 q N_d V_{\text{R}}}{\varepsilon}}

      这里 V_R 近似取雪崩击穿电压(或合适的反偏电压)。

    • 圆柱形 p-n 结 (Cylindrical junction)

      Emax,cylEmax,plane(1+rJxD) E_\text{max,cyl} \approx E_\text{max,plane} \,\bigl(1 + \frac{r_J}{x_D}\bigr)

      其中 rJr_J 是扩散窗口的半径(或相应特征尺寸),xDx_D 为耗尽层宽度。

    • 球形 p-n 结 (Spherical junction)

      Emax,sphEmax,plane(1+2rJxD) E_\text{max,sph} \approx E_\text{max,plane} \,\bigl(1 + 2\,\frac{r_J}{x_D}\bigr)

    以上各式中,精确系数与课堂讲义可能略有区别,但常见近似都是此类线性修正形式。


2. 具体计算步骤

(a) 计算平面结的最大电场

  • 击穿电压 VR=200VV_{\text{R}} = 200 \text{V}
  • 则平面结最大电场近似为: Emax,plane=2qNdVRεsi. E_\text{max,plane} = \sqrt{\frac{2\,q\,N_d\,V_{\text{R}}}{\varepsilon_\text{si}}}.

将数值代入:

  • q=1.602×1019C q = 1.602\times10^{-19} \text{C}
  • Nd=1×1015/cm3 N_d = 1\times10^{15}\text{/cm}^3
  • εsi1.04×1012F/cm \varepsilon_\text{si} \approx 1.04\times10^{-12} \text{F/cm}
  • VR=200VV_R = 200\text{V}

可得

Emax,plane2.49×105V/cm. E_\text{max,plane} \approx 2.49\times10^5 \,\text{V/cm}.

(b) 计算耗尽层宽度 xDx_D

xD=2εsiVRqNd    1.61×103cm  =  16.1μm. x_D = \sqrt{\frac{2\,\varepsilon_\text{si}\,V_R}{q\,N_d}} \;\approx\; 1.61\times10^{-3}\,\text{cm} \;=\; 16.1\,\mu\text{m}.

(c) 确定圆柱形和球形的曲率半径

题干给出 “P+体扩散深度 500 nm” 这一数字,多数情况下可将其视为窗口或结深度的一种特征尺寸(此处做简化处理),记为 rJ=0.5μm=5×105cmr_J=0.5\,\mu\text{m} = 5\times10^{-5}\,\text{cm}。若实际器件的窗口直径或转角曲率不同,应使用题目或讲义给出的数值。

于是,

rJxD=5×1051.61×1030.031. \frac{r_J}{x_D} = \frac{5\times10^{-5}}{1.61\times10^{-3}} \approx 0.031.

(d) 计算圆柱形与球形处的最大电场

  1. 圆柱形边缘 Emax,cyl\displaystyle E_\text{max,cyl}
Emax,cylEmax,plane(1+rJxD)=2.49×105×(1+0.031)2.56×105V/cm. E_\text{max,cyl} \approx E_\text{max,plane}\,\bigl(1 + \frac{r_J}{x_D}\bigr) = 2.49\times10^5 \times (1 + 0.031) \approx 2.56\times10^5 \,\text{V/cm}.
  1. 球形转角 Emax,sph\displaystyle E_\text{max,sph}
Emax,sphEmax,plane(1+2rJxD)=2.49×105×(1+2×0.031)2.64×105V/cm. E_\text{max,sph} \approx E_\text{max,plane}\,\bigl(1 + 2\,\frac{r_J}{x_D}\bigr) = 2.49\times10^5 \times (1 + 2\times0.031) \approx 2.64\times10^5 \,\text{V/cm}.

3. 计算结果汇总

  • 底部平面 (Plane) 的最大电场:

    Emax,plane2.49×105V/cm. E_\text{max,plane} \approx 2.49\times10^5 \,\text{V/cm}.
  • 窗口边缘 (Cylindrical) 的最大电场:

    Emax,cyl2.56×105V/cm. E_\text{max,cyl} \approx 2.56\times10^5 \,\text{V/cm}.
  • 窗口转角 (Spherical) 的最大电场:

    Emax,sph2.64×105V/cm. E_\text{max,sph} \approx 2.64\times10^5 \,\text{V/cm}.

可以看到,几何曲率(由窗口/转角引入)使边缘或转角处的电场略高于平面处。
在器件设计中,为抑制这些高电场峰值引发的过早击穿,往往需要采用各种**边缘终端技术(如场限环、JTE、氧化物钝化等)**来平滑电场分布。


4. 英文简要说明

Below is a concise English version of the calculation and results, assuming a typical reverse-bias breakdown voltage of about 200 V for an abrupt one-sided p-n junction with Nd=1×1015cm3N_d=1\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}:

  1. Plane-junction approximation

    Emax,plane=2qNdVRεSi2.49×105V/cm. E_{\max,\text{plane}} =\sqrt{\frac{2\,q\,N_d\,V_R}{\varepsilon_{\text{Si}}}} \approx 2.49\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.
  2. Depletion region width

    xD=2εSiVRqNd16.1μm. x_D = \sqrt{\frac{2\,\varepsilon_{\text{Si}}\,V_R}{q\,N_d}} \approx 16.1\,\mu\mathrm{m}.
  3. Curved-junction models
    Assume a junction curvature radius rJ=0.5μmr_J=0.5\,\mu\mathrm{m}. Then

    rJxD0.031. \frac{r_J}{x_D}\approx0.031.
    • Cylindrical edge: Emax,cylEmax,plane(1+rJxD)2.56×105V/cm. E_{\max,\text{cyl}} \approx E_{\max,\text{plane}}\,(1 + \frac{r_J}{x_D}) \approx 2.56\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.
    • Spherical corner: Emax,sphEmax,plane(1+2rJxD)2.64×105V/cm. E_{\max,\text{sph}} \approx E_{\max,\text{plane}}\,(1 + 2\,\frac{r_J}{x_D}) \approx 2.64\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.

Hence, the maximum electric field increases slightly from the plane region to the cylindrical edge and further at the spherical corner. In actual device design, edge-termination techniques are used to reduce these field peaks and avoid premature breakdown.


结论

通过上述示例计算可见,对于掺杂浓度为 1×1015cm31\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3} 的 n 区和约 200 V 的反向偏置,三种不同几何位置的最大电场分别约为:

  • 平面底部: 2.49×105V/cm2.49\times10^5\,\mathrm{V/cm}
  • 边缘(圆柱): 2.56×105V/cm2.56\times10^5\,\mathrm{V/cm}
  • 转角(球形): 2.64×105V/cm2.64\times10^5\,\mathrm{V/cm}

若题目或课程作业中指定了不同的电压或更准确的窗口尺寸 (rJ)(r_J) 与耗尽层宽度 (xD)(x_D),可相应替换数值,步骤保持不变。

Câu hỏi

题目里面的rd是什么意思

Suy nghĩ

Clarifying terminology

I’m thinking “rd” in the question likely means “drift region resistance,” as it’s referenced in a formula related to blocking voltage. This makes me consider how such resistances impact electrical behavior.

Clarifying terminology

OK, let me see. "rJ" refers to the junction radius or dopant region radius, while "rD" denotes the depletion region radius. This distinction helps in understanding related concepts.

Clarifying dimensions

"rJ" usually refers to the junction or doping area radius, while "rD" typically denotes the depletion boundary radius in cylindrical or spherical geometries. This distinction is crucial for precise measurement.

Reasoned about rd in the problem for 7 seconds

Trả lời

Question 2(b) 的题干中,出现了 “where rJ and rD are defined in the lecture notes” 这句话。该处的 rD(有时也会写成小写 rd)通常是指在圆柱或球形几何模型下,耗尽区的半径或与耗尽层相关的特征尺寸。它主要用于帮助我们确定在器件边缘或转角处,空间电荷区(或耗尽层)如何沿着弧形展开,从而修正最大电场的计算结果。


背景:为什么需要 rD 和 rJ

在题目里,平面 p-n 结、圆柱 p-n 结、球形 p-n 结分别代表不同的几何形状(或者说,器件在扩散窗口边缘和转角处呈现的几何曲率),它们各自的电场分布并不相同:

  1. 平面结 (Plane junction)
    近似“平坦”结构,直接用平面结的标准耗尽层公式即可。

  2. 圆柱结 (Cylindrical junction)
    因为在窗口的“侧面”有曲率,电场会较平面更集中,所以需要在耗尽层宽度 xDx_D 的基础上,再引入一个代表曲率半径的量(rJrD)来修正最大电场计算。

  3. 球形结 (Spherical junction)
    在转角处,器件呈现球面曲率,电场集中会更明显,所以也需要相应的几何尺寸(rD)来做进一步修正。


rD 通常怎么定义

在许多教材或讲义中,rD 代表耗尽区延伸到的一种“等效曲率半径”,举例来说:

  • 你可以把它理解为:当在圆柱或球面模型中建立泊松方程时,需要将空间电荷区的边界设定在某个半径处,这个边界距离就是 rD。
  • 有时也会结合 rJ(比如扩散窗口半径)一起,用于区分在 p+ 区和 n 区之间,曲率对电场分布的影响。

不同老师或文献的符号命名可能略有差异,但核心思想都是:当结不是平面的情况下,需要把曲率半径(窗口、转角)以及耗尽层的延伸范围结合起来,才能准确计算那里更高的电场峰值。


小结

  • 题目中的 rD(或 rd)指的就是 “圆柱/球形模型中,与耗尽层相关的曲率或半径特征尺寸”
  • 它通常和 rJ(窗口半径、扩散半径等)配合使用,用来修正最大电场的计算公式,反映器件边缘或转角处的空间电荷区形状。

Câu hỏi

平面结的标准耗尽层公式

Suy nghĩ

Reasoned about plane junction depletion formula for a couple of seconds

Trả lời

下面给出 平面结 (plane junction) 的标准耗尽层公式以及最大电场公式,并给出简要推导与中英文说明,方便理解如何应用于实际器件设计和计算。


1. 平面结耗尽层宽度公式

对于 突变 (abrupt) p-n 结,一侧重掺杂、一侧轻掺杂时,耗尽层主要分布在轻掺杂一侧。假设我们关注的是轻掺杂的 n 侧,其掺杂浓度为 NdN_d。当反向偏置电压为 VRV_R 时,一维平面结的耗尽层宽度可近似用下式表示:

W=2εsiVRqNd,W = \sqrt{\frac{2\,\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}\,V_R}{q\,N_d}},

其中:

  • qq 为电子电荷常数,q=1.602×1019Cq = 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \,\mathrm{C}
  • εsi\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} 为硅的绝对介电常数,εsi=ε0εr1.04×1012F/cm\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} = \varepsilon_0 \varepsilon_r \approx 1.04\times10^{-12}\,\mathrm{F/cm}
  • VRV_R 为外加反向偏置电压(或击穿电压附近时,选取相应数值);
  • NdN_d 为 n 区的掺杂浓度(假设 p+ 区的掺杂远高于 n 区,以简化为单边耗尽模型)。

2. 平面结最大电场公式

在同样的一维平面突变结模型下,最大电场 (在耗尽区中心或紧邻结区处) 可表示为:

Emax=2qNdVRεsi.E_{\max} = \sqrt{\frac{2\,q\,N_d\,V_R}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}}.

若已先算出耗尽层宽度 WW,也可用下式来表示最大电场:

Emax=qNdWεsi.E_{\max} = \frac{q\,N_d\,W}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}.

3. 中文简要说明

  • 耗尽层宽度 WW:描述了在反向偏置下,p-n 结区域不再有自由载流子的区域范围,对于单边突变结,主要分布在轻掺杂的一侧。
  • 最大电场 EmaxE_{\max}:在耗尽层中,最容易发生雪崩击穿的电场峰值位置。若器件几何足够平坦(没有额外曲率),最大电场可按照上述平面结公式计算。

4. 英文简要说明

In a one-sided abrupt p-n junction with the lightly doped n-side having doping NdN_d, under a reverse-bias VRV_R, the depletion width and the maximum electric field for a planar junction can be approximated by:

  1. Depletion width:
W=2εsiVRqNd.W = \sqrt{\frac{2\,\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}\,V_R}{q\,N_d}}.
  1. Peak electric field:
Emax=2qNdVRεsi=qNdWεsi.E_{\max} = \sqrt{\frac{2\,q\,N_d\,V_R}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}} = \frac{q\,N_d\,W}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}.

Here, qq is the elementary charge, εsi\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} is the permittivity of silicon, and NdN_d is the doping concentration of the lightly doped side.


补充

Question 2(b) 里,如果器件边缘呈现 圆柱形 (cylindrical)球形 (spherical) 几何,就需要在上述 平面结公式 的基础上,添加相应的几何修正(例如 1+rJxD1 + \frac{r_J}{x_D}1+2rJxD1 + 2\frac{r_J}{x_D} 等),以便计算窗口边缘或转角处电场的进一步增大。

Câu hỏi

击破电压的公式是多少,怎么算?

Suy nghĩ

Breaking down breakdown voltage

I’m detailing the formula for the avalanche breakdown voltage in a p-n junction, dependent on factors like doping and doping density. It involves permittivity, charge stats, and critical electric fields.

Piecing together

I’m noting the different achievable formulas for avalanche breakdown voltage, like ϵqNdEcrit2\frac{\epsilon}{q \cdot N_d} \cdot E_{crit}^2, and how these vary with factors like doping and critical electric fields.

Reasoned about breakdown voltage formula for 6 seconds

Trả lời

下面给出 单边突变结 (one-sided abrupt junction) 的典型击穿电压计算方法及推导思路,帮助理解在已知掺杂浓度和材料临界电场时,如何估算器件的雪崩击穿电压。


1. 击穿电压的常用近似公式

对于 p-n 结 (假设 p+ 端高度掺杂、n 端轻掺杂),当反向偏置电压上升到某个数值 VBRV_{BR} 时,会在结区附近出现极强电场,导致雪崩击穿。
平面突变结、单边耗尽模型下,常用的估算击穿电压公式为:

VBRεsiEcrit22qNd,V_{BR} \approx \frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} \, E_{\mathrm{crit}}^{2}}{2\,q\,N_d},

其中:

  • qq 为电子电荷,q=1.602×1019Cq = 1.602\times10^{-19}\,\mathrm{C}
  • εsi\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} 为硅的介电常数(绝对介电常数),约 1.04×1012F/cm1.04\times10^{-12}\,\mathrm{F/cm}
  • NdN_d 为 n 区(轻掺杂侧)的掺杂浓度,单位 cm3\mathrm{cm}^{-3}
  • EcritE_{\mathrm{crit}} 为硅的临界电场(critical electric field),即材料在雪崩击穿时的电场阈值;对硅通常取 23×105V/cm2\sim3\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm} 左右(具体与工艺、温度、器件结构等因素略有差异)。

注: 若是氮化镓 (GaN)、碳化硅 (SiC) 等宽禁带半导体材料,ε\varepsilonEcritE_{\mathrm{crit}} 要换成对应材料参数,往往因 EcritE_{\mathrm{crit}} 更高而具有更高的击穿电压潜力。


1.1 物理含义

  • 上式可以理解为:耗尽层在反向偏置时形成的电场增大到 Ecrit\approx E_{\mathrm{crit}} 便开始雪崩撞击电离,从而导致器件突入击穿。
  • 由于轻掺杂一侧(如 n 区)承受大部分耗尽区,因此只需要用该侧的掺杂浓度 NdN_d 来近似计算。

2. 简要推导思路

  1. 平面突变结耗尽层宽度
    对于单边结,主要耗尽在 n 区(掺杂 NdN_d)。若反向偏置电压为 VRV_R,其耗尽宽度 WW

    W  =  2εsiVRqNd.W \;=\; \sqrt{\frac{2\,\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}\,V_R}{q\,N_d}}.
  2. 最大电场
    一维平面模型下,结区中心(紧邻结面)的最大电场为

    Emax  =  2qNdVRεsi.E_{\max} \;=\; \sqrt{\frac{2\,q\,N_d\,V_R}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}}.
  3. 达到雪崩临界时
    Emax=Ecrit\,E_{\max} = E_{\mathrm{crit}},则对应的 VRV_R 就是击穿电压 VBRV_{BR}

    Ecrit  =  2qNdVBRεsi    VBR  =  εsiEcrit22qNd.E_{\mathrm{crit}} \;=\; \sqrt{\frac{2\,q\,N_d\,V_{BR}}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}} \;\Longrightarrow\; V_{BR} \;=\; \frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}\,E_{\mathrm{crit}}^{2}}{2\,q\,N_d}.

3. 如何使用

  1. 选取材料参数

    • 对硅 (Si),通常取 εsi1.04×1012F/cm\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} \approx 1.04\times10^{-12}\,\mathrm{F/cm}
    • 临界电场 EcritE_{\mathrm{crit}} 常约 23×105V/cm2\sim3\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}
    • 若题目或器件说明中给出了更精确的工艺数据,需根据其进行调整。
  2. 已知掺杂浓度 NdN_d
    在设计或题目计算中,往往给定“n 区掺杂 =1015cm3= 10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}”或其它数值。如果是 n- 漂移区 (如功率器件) 掺杂更低 10141013cm310^{14}\sim10^{13}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3},击穿电压就会更高。

  3. 代入公式

    VBR=εsiEcrit22qNd.V_{BR} = \frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}\,E_{\mathrm{crit}}^{2}}{2\,q\,N_d}.

    即可得到理论上的雪崩击穿电压。

注意: 上述公式是 理想平面突变结 的简化结果。实际器件中,结区会有更复杂的梯度掺杂、边缘终端结构、杂质分布、缺陷等因素,因此真实击穿电压往往和理论公式有一定偏离,需要结合实验测量或仿真进行修正。


4. 英文简要说明

For an abrupt one-sided p-n junction, the avalanche breakdown voltage VBRV_{BR} can be estimated using the formula:

VBRεsiEcrit22qNd,V_{BR} \approx \frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}\, E_{\mathrm{crit}}^{2}}{2\,q\,N_d},

where:

  • εsi\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} is the permittivity of silicon,
  • EcritE_{\mathrm{crit}} is the critical electric field for avalanche breakdown in silicon (2-3×105V/cm\sim2\text{-}3\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}),
  • qq is the electron charge, and
  • NdN_d is the doping concentration of the lightly doped side.

This equation comes from equating the junction’s maximum electric field (derived from the depletion approximation) to the critical field EcritE_{\mathrm{crit}}.


总结

击穿电压 (Breakdown Voltage) 公式的核心在于,反向偏置电压上升到足以令结区中的最大电场达到材料临界电场 EcritE_{\mathrm{crit}} 时,p-n 结便会进入雪崩击穿。最基本的单边突变平面结模型给出了上述 εEcrit22qN\frac{\varepsilon E_{\mathrm{crit}}^{2}}{2qN} 的简单表达式。若是更复杂的结构(如有圆柱、球形曲率或特殊终端),则需要对击穿电场或电压进行修正。

Câu hỏi

针对于这道题Wd=rd=2.40410^10(Nd)^(-7/8),则结果是多少

Suy nghĩ

Crunching the numbers

I’m working out Wd by substituting Nd with 1e15 cm^-3. This leads me to 2.404e10 multiplied by (1e15)^(-7/8), estimating about 7.50e-14.

Crunching numbers

I’m refining the calculation of Wd using Nd = 1e15 cm^-3, breaking down (1e15)^(-7/8) to e^(-30.5255) and multiplying it by 2.404e10, which yields approximately 1.803e-3.

Squaring the calculation

OK, let me see. I’m refining 2.404e10 times 7.5e-14, which simplifies to 1.8e-3 cm, or 18 micrometers, ensuring precision throughout the process.

Reasoned for 8 seconds

Trả lời

以下是对给出的经验公式

Wd  =  rd  =  2.404×1010(Nd)78W_d \;=\; r_d \;=\; 2.404\times10^{10} \,\bigl(N_d\bigr)^{-\frac{7}{8}}

做数值代入并计算的示例。一般而言,这类公式中的 NdN_dcm3\mathrm{cm}^{-3} 计,WdW_drdr_d 的结果通常以厘米 (cm) 计。


1. 典型掺杂浓度代入

如果题目给定或暗示 Nd=1×1015cm3N_d = 1\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3},则计算步骤如下:

Wd=2.404×1010×(1×1015)78.W_d = 2.404\times10^{10} \times \left( 1\times10^{15} \right)^{-\tfrac{7}{8}}.

(a) 先计算 (1×1015)78\bigl(1\times10^{15}\bigr)^{-\tfrac{7}{8}}

(1015)78=1015×(78)=1013.125.\left(10^{15}\right)^{-\frac{7}{8}} = 10^{\,15 \times \bigl(-\tfrac{7}{8}\bigr)} = 10^{-13.125}.

数值上约为

1013.1257.5×1014(可用计算器或程序更精确).10^{-13.125}\approx 7.5\times10^{-14} \quad(\text{可用计算器或程序更精确}).

(b) 再与 2.404×10102.404\times10^{10} 相乘

Wd    2.404×1010  ×  7.5×1014  =  2.404×7.5×101014  =  18.03×104  =  1.803×103  cm.W_d \;\approx\; 2.404\times10^{10} \;\times\; 7.5\times10^{-14} \;=\; 2.404 \times 7.5 \times 10^{10 -14} \;=\; 18.03 \times 10^{-4} \;=\; 1.803\times10^{-3}\;\text{cm}.

因此

Wd    1.8×103cm.W_d \;\approx\; 1.8\times10^{-3}\,\text{cm}.

(c) 换算成微米

1 cm = 10410^4 µm,
因此

1.8×103cm=  1.8×103×104μm=  18μm.1.8\times10^{-3}\,\text{cm} =\; 1.8\times10^{-3}\times10^{4}\,\mu\text{m} =\; 18\,\mu\text{m}.

2. 结果

Nd=1×1015cm3N_d=1\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3},则由上述公式可得:

Wd=rd    1.8×103cm    18μm.\boxed{W_d = r_d \;\approx\; 1.8\times10^{-3}\,\text{cm}\;\approx\;18\,\mu\text{m}.}

若题目中 NdN_d 取其它具体数值,可将其代入同一公式重新计算,步骤相同。

Câu hỏi

现在用这个结果来计算第二题的b

Suy nghĩ

Determining maximum electric fields

I’m working through the maximum electric fields of the p-n junction using formulas for plane, cylindrical, and spherical models, incorporating depletion region values and p+ body parameters.

Evaluating electric field models

I’m digging into models for plane, cylindrical, and spherical p-n junctions. The depletion region radius formula is also likely involved in determining the maximum electric fields.

Mapping out electric fields

I’m calculating maximum electric fields for plane, cylindrical, and spherical p-n junctions, using previous results and doping parameters, suggesting potential involvement in determining the blocking voltage.

Calculating electric field

I’m working through the maximum electric field for a plane p-n junction, using the depletion region formula, given specific doping parameters and constants.

Revisiting electric field

I’m recalculating the maximum electric field for a plane p-n junction, using the depletion region formula, and considering the calibration of doping parameters and constants.

Calculating electric fields

Piecing together formulas for plane, cylindrical, and spherical p-n junctions, I explore the depletion region radius for accurate calculations, considering parameters like rJ and rD.

Interpreting parameters

I’m figuring out the p+ window radius as either 500 nm or half of it. This impacts the electric field calculations for the p-n junction.

Calculating field intensities

OK, let me see. I’m assessing the relative radius rJ to rD. Using this, I’m adjusting the maximum electric fields in cylindrical and spherical p-n junctions to factor in this slight variance.

Evaluating electric fields

I’m finalizing the electric fields for plane, cylindrical, and spherical p-n junctions, tapering off with approximate values. The plane field is pegged at 2.77 e5 V/cm.

Grasping electric fields

Adjusting my approach, the electric fields for plane, cylindrical, and spherical p-n junctions are refined to approximately 2.8, 2.9, and 3.0 V/cm, respectively, with a two significant digit precision.

Reasoned about calculation for Question 2(b) for 28 seconds

Trả lời

下面示范如何在 Question 2(b) 中,直接使用题目给出的经验公式

Wd  =  rd  =  2.404×1010(Nd)78W_d \;=\; r_d \;=\; 2.404\times10^{10}\,\bigl(N_d\bigr)^{-\tfrac{7}{8}}

来求出耗尽区宽度(或等效半径)并进而计算平面、圆柱以及球面模型下的最大电场。


1. 由公式求出 Wd=rdW_d = r_d

题目给出的轻掺杂区浓度是 Nd=1×1015cm3N_d = 1\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}。将其代入:

  1. 先计算 (Nd)78\bigl(N_d\bigr)^{-\tfrac{7}{8}}
(1015)78  =  1078×15  =  1013.125    7.5×1014.\bigl(10^{15}\bigr)^{-\tfrac{7}{8}} \;=\; 10^{-\tfrac{7}{8}\times15} \;=\; 10^{-13.125} \;\approx\;7.5\times10^{-14}.
  1. 乘以系数 2.404×10102.404\times10^{10}
Wd=rd    2.404×1010×7.5×1014  =  2.404×7.5×101014  =  18.03×104cm  =  1.8×103cm.W_d = r_d \;\approx\; 2.404\times10^{10} \times 7.5\times10^{-14} \;=\; 2.404 \times 7.5 \times 10^{10-14} \;=\; 18.03 \times 10^{-4}\,\mathrm{cm} \;=\; 1.8\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{cm}.

Wd  =  rd    1.8×103cm  =  18μm.W_d \;=\; r_d \;\approx\; 1.8\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{cm} \;=\; 18\,\mu\mathrm{m}.

这表示在单边突变结(轻掺杂一侧为 1×1015cm31\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}) 达到雪崩击穿时,耗尽区延伸约 18 µm。


2. 用 WdW_d 计算平面结最大电场

在平面突变结模型下,若在击穿附近,耗尽区主要分布在 n 侧且宽度为 WdW_d,则最大电场可用下式近似:

Emax,plane  =  qNdWdεsi.E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}} \;=\; \frac{q\,N_d\,W_d}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}}}.

数值代入:

  • q=1.602×1019Cq = 1.602\times10^{-19}\,\mathrm{C}
  • Nd=1×1015cm3N_d = 1\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}
  • Wd=1.8×103cmW_d = 1.8\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{cm}
  • εsi1.04×1012F/cm\varepsilon_{\mathrm{si}} \approx 1.04\times10^{-12}\,\mathrm{F/cm}
Emax,plane=(1.602×1019)×(1×1015)×(1.8×103)1.04×1012    2.77×105V/cm.E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}} = \frac{(1.602\times10^{-19}) \times(1\times10^{15}) \times(1.8\times10^{-3})} {1.04\times10^{-12}} \;\approx\; 2.77\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.

因此,平面结在雪崩击穿时的最大电场约为

2.8×105V/cm.\boxed{2.8\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}}.

3. 计算圆柱 / 球面结的修正

题目给出的公式为:

  • 圆柱形 p-n 结

    Emax,cyl  =  Emax,plane(1+rJrd), E_{\max,\mathrm{cyl}} \;=\; E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}} \,\bigl(1 + \tfrac{r_J}{r_d}\bigr),
  • 球形 p-n 结

    Emax,sph  =  Emax,plane(1+2rJrd), E_{\max,\mathrm{sph}} \;=\; E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}} \,\bigl(1 + 2\,\tfrac{r_J}{r_d}\bigr),

其中 rdr_d 就是我们刚算出的 Wd18μmW_d \approx 18\,\mu\mathrm{m},而 rJr_J 通常表示扩散窗口的“曲率半径”。题目仅说明 P+ body 深度 500 nm(= 0.5 µm),常将其近似当作扩散窗口半径(或至少与其同量级)。若无其它更确切数据,可令

rJ    0.5μm=5×105cm.r_J \;\approx\; 0.5\,\mu\mathrm{m} = 5\times10^{-5}\,\mathrm{cm}.
  1. 计算 rJrd\tfrac{r_J}{r_d}
rJrd=5×105cm1.8×103cm    0.0278.\frac{r_J}{r_d} = \frac{5\times10^{-5}\,\mathrm{cm}}{1.8\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{cm}} \;\approx\; 0.0278.
  1. 圆柱形结最大电场
Emax,cyl=Emax,plane(1+0.0278)    2.77×105×1.028    2.85×105V/cm.E_{\max,\mathrm{cyl}} = E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}}\, \bigl(1 + 0.0278 \bigr) \;\approx\; 2.77\times10^{5} \times 1.028 \;\approx\; 2.85\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.
  1. 球形结最大电场
Emax,sph=Emax,plane(1+2×0.0278)    2.77×105×1.056    2.93×105V/cm.E_{\max,\mathrm{sph}} = E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}}\, \bigl(1 + 2\times0.0278 \bigr) \;\approx\; 2.77\times10^{5} \times 1.056 \;\approx\; 2.93\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.

4. 答案汇总

根据经验公式所得的耗尽层(或等效半径) rd18μmr_d \approx 18\,\mu\mathrm{m},以及假设扩散窗口半径 rJ0.5μmr_J \approx 0.5\,\mu\mathrm{m} 后,可得三个位置的最大电场:

  1. 平面底部 (Plane)

    Emax,plane    2.8×105V/cm. E_{\max,\mathrm{plane}} \;\approx\; 2.8\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.
  2. 窗口边缘 (Cylindrical)

    Emax,cyl    2.85×105V/cm. E_{\max,\mathrm{cyl}} \;\approx\; 2.85\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.
  3. 窗口转角 (Spherical)

    Emax,sph    2.93×105V/cm. E_{\max,\mathrm{sph}} \;\approx\; 2.93\times10^{5}\,\mathrm{V/cm}.

如预期,器件边缘或转角处的曲率使局部电场略高于平面结位置,因此在器件设计中,往往要使用各种边缘终端技术来平缓边缘电场、避免过早击穿。

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