<template> <view :class="['app-container', theme]...

先把问题说清楚：
你现在的 handleSubmit 写法是 uView2 的老用法（validate(callback)），但在 uView Plus / uView3 里面，u-form 的 validate() 已经是 Promise 写法 了，你传的回调函数不会被执行，所以只看到 console.log('0')，后面完全不走。

下面我给你一个修好后的完整页面，把表单校验、短信验证码、密码设置、取消加密等逻辑都整理了一遍，你可以直接整体替换当前页面再按需要微调。

完整示例（已修复所有主要问题）

vue
<template>
	<view :class="['app-container', theme]">
		<view class="content">
			<view class="overlay">
				<!-- 顶部 Header -->
				<view class="header" :style="{ paddingTop: statusBarHeight + 'px', height: headerBarHeight + 'px' }">
					<view class="header-inner">
						<view class="left-box" @click="navigateBack">
							<u-icon name="arrow-left" size="26" color="#2C2C2C" />
						</view>

						<view class="center-box">
							<text class="title-text">数字 + 字母密码解锁</text>
						</view>
					</view>
				</view>

				<!-- 可滚动内容区域 -->
				<scroll-view scroll-y class="scroll-container">
					<view class="form-wrapper">
						<view class="tip-text">密码（数字 + 字母 + 符号）</view>

						<u-form
							ref="formRef"
							:model="form"
							:rules="rules"
							labelPosition="top"
							labelWidth="210"
						>
							<u-form-item prop="password" label="密码">
								<u-input
									v-model="form.password"
									:type="showPassword.password ? 'text' : 'password'"
									placeholder="请输入密码"
									maxlength="20"
									border="surround"
									clearable
								>
									<template #suffix>
										<u-icon
											:name="showPassword.password ? 'eye' : 'eye-off'"
											size="26"
											color="#7D7D7D"
											@click="togglePassword('password')"
										/>
									</template>
								</u-input>
							</u-form-item>

							<u-form-item prop="confirmPassword" label="再次输入密码">
								<u-input
									v-model="form.confirmPassword"
									:type="showPassword.confirm ? 'text' : 'password'"
									placeholder="请再次输入密码"
									maxlength="20"
									border="surround"
									clearable
								>
									<template #suffix>
										<u-icon
											:name="showPassword.confirm ? 'eye' : 'eye-off'"
											size="26"
											color="#7D7D7D"
											@click="togglePassword('confirm')"
										/>
									</template>
								</u-input>
							</u-form-item>

							<u-form-item prop="phone" label="手机号">
								<u-input
									v-model="form.phone"
									type="number"
									placeholder="请输入手机号"
									maxlength="11"
									border="surround"
									clearable
								/>
							</u-form-item>

							<u-form-item prop="smsCode" label="获取手机号短信验证码">
								<view class="sms-row">
									<u-input
										v-model="form.smsCode"
										class="sms-input"
										type="number"
										placeholder="请输入验证码"
										maxlength="6"
										border="surround"
										clearable
									/>
									<u-button
										class="sms-button"
										:type="isCounting ? 'default' : 'primary'"
										:disabled="isCounting"
										@click="handleGetCode"
										shape="square"
										customStyle="background-color:#C7801F;border:none;color:#fff;"
									>
										{{ isCounting ? countdown + 's' : '获取验证码' }}
									</u-button>
								</view>
							</u-form-item>
						</u-form>

						<view class="btn-row">
							<u-button
								class="btn-cancel"
								type="info"
								plain
								shape="square"
								customStyle="color:#5A5A5A;border-color:#D1D1D1;"
								@click="resetForm"
								:disabled="submitting"
							>
								取消加密
							</u-button>

							<u-button
								class="btn-confirm"
								type="primary"
								shape="square"
								customStyle="background-color:#C7801F;border:none;"
								@click="handleSubmit"
								:loading="submitting"
							>
								确定加密
							</u-button>
						</view>

						<view class="resend-row">
							<u-button
								type="info"
								plain
								shape="square"
								customStyle="width:180rpx;color:#C7801F;border-color:#C7801F;"
								@click="handleResend"
								:disabled="isCounting"
							>
								再次发送
							</u-button>
						</view>
					</view>
				</scroll-view>

				<u-toast ref="toastRef" />
			</view>
		</view>
	</view>
</template>

<script setup>
import { ref, reactive, computed, onMounted, onBeforeUnmount } from 'vue'
import { onLoad } from '@dcloudio/uni-app'
import { useMainStore } from '@/store/index.js'
import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
import { getStatusBarHeight, getTitleBarHeight } from '@/utils/system.js'
import ajax from '@/api/ajax.js'

// 主题
const store = useMainStore()
const { theme } = storeToRefs(store)

// 顶部高度
const statusBarHeight = ref(getStatusBarHeight())
const headerBarHeight = ref(getTitleBarHeight())

const navigateBack = () => {
	uni.navigateBack()
}

// 表单 & 组件 ref
const formRef = ref(null)
const toastRef = ref(null)

// 短信验证码（系统返回的验证码）
const Systemcode = ref(null)

// 表单数据
const form = reactive({
	id: '',
	password: '',
	confirmPassword: '',
	phone: '',
	smsCode: '',
	type: 2 // 1 手势 2 文字，本页是文字密码
})

// 显示密码开关
const showPassword = reactive({
	password: false,
	confirm: false
})

// 倒计时
const countdown = ref(59)
const isCounting = ref(false)
let timer = null

// 提交 loading
const submitting = ref(false)

// 校验正则
const passwordReg = /^(?=.*[A-Za-z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[~!@#$%^&*()_+\-={}[\]|:";'<>?,./]).{8,20}$/
const phoneReg = /^1[3-9]\d{9}$/

// 表单校验规则
const rules = computed(() => ({
	password: [
		{ required: true, message: '请输入密码', trigger: ['blur', 'change'] },
		{
			validator: (rule, value) => passwordReg.test(value),
			message: '密码需 8-20 位，包含字母、数字及符号',
			trigger: ['blur', 'change']
		}
	],
	confirmPassword: [
		{ required: true, message: '请再次输入密码', trigger: ['blur', 'change'] },
		{
			validator: (rule, value) => value === form.password,
			message: '两次输入的密码不一致',
			trigger: ['blur', 'change']
		}
	],
	phone: [
		{ required: true, message: '请输入手机号', trigger: ['blur', 'change'] },
		{
			validator: (rule, value) => phoneReg.test(value),
			message: '请输入正确的手机号',
			trigger: ['blur', 'change']
		}
	],
	smsCode: [
		{ required: true, message: '请输入短信验证码', trigger: ['blur', 'change'] },
		{
			validator: (rule, value) => /^\d{4,6}$/.test(value),
			message: '验证码格式不正确',
			trigger: ['blur', 'change']
		}
	]
}))

// 切换密码显示
const togglePassword = (type) => {
	if (type === 'password') {
		showPassword.password = !showPassword.password
	} else if (type === 'confirm') {
		showPassword.confirm = !showPassword.confirm
	}
}

// 开始短信倒计时
const startCountdown = () => {
	isCounting.value = true
	countdown.value = 59
	if (timer) {
		clearInterval(timer)
		timer = null
	}
	timer = setInterval(() => {
		if (countdown.value <= 1) {
			clearInterval(timer)
			timer = null
			isCounting.value = false
			countdown.value = 59
			return
		}
		countdown.value -= 1
	}, 1000)
}

// 停止倒计时并复位
const startCountdownReset = () => {
	if (timer) {
		clearInterval(timer)
		timer = null
	}
	isCounting.value = false
	countdown.value = 59
}

// Toast 封装
const showToast = (message, type = 'default') => {
	toastRef.value?.show({
		message,
		type,
		position: 'bottom'
	})
}

// 获取短信验证码
const handleGetCode = async () => {
	if (isCounting.value) return

	if (!phoneReg.test(form.phone)) {
		showToast('请先填写正确的手机号', 'warning')
		return
	}

	try {
		showToast('验证码发送中...', 'default')
		const res = await ajax.post({
			url: 'getRandom.do',
			data: {
				mobilePhone: form.phone
			}
		})
		// 按你的接口约定取 random
		Systemcode.value = res?.data?.random || null
		console.log(Systemcode.value, '收到的验证码')
		showToast('验证码已发送', 'success')
		startCountdown()
	} catch (err) {
		console.error('sendSmsCode error:', err)
		showToast(err?.msg || '验证码发送失败', 'error')
	}
}

// 再次发送
const handleResend = () => {
	if (!isCounting.value) handleGetCode()
}

// 取消加密（如果已有 id，这里只做前端清空；如需要可在此调用 deletePassword 接口）
const resetForm = async () => {
	// 如果需要同时删除服务端密码，可以取消注释以下代码：
	/*
	if (form.id) {
		try {
			const res = await ajax.post({
				url: 'deletePassword',
				data: { id: form.id }
			})
			if (res?.data?.result === 'success') {
				showToast('密码已取消', 'success')
			} else {
				showToast(res?.data?.msg || '取消密码失败', 'error')
			}
		} catch (e) {
			console.error('deletePassword error:', e)
			showToast('网络异常，取消失败', 'error')
		}
	}
	*/

	form.password = ''
	form.confirmPassword = ''
	form.smsCode = ''
	Systemcode.value = null
	startCountdownReset()
}

// === 核心修复点：提交方法，使用 Promise 写法的 validate ===
const handleSubmit = async () => {
	console.log('0')

	if (!formRef.value) {
		console.warn('formRef 未就绪')
		return
	}

	// 1. 先做表单校验（uView3 / uView Plus 是 Promise 写法）
	try {
		const valid = await formRef.value.validate()
		// 有些版本会直接 resolve，如果返回 false 就中断
		if (valid === false) {
			console.log('表单校验未通过')
			return
		}
	} catch (errors) {
		// 有些版本校验失败会 reject，errors 里是错误信息
		console.log('表单校验失败：', errors)
		return
	}

	console.log('1')

	// 2. 校验短信验证码
	if (!Systemcode.value) {
		return uni.showToast({
			title: '请先获取验证码',
			icon: 'none'
		})
	}

	if (String(Systemcode.value).trim() !== String(form.smsCode).trim()) {
		return uni.showToast({
			title: '验证码错误',
			icon: 'none'
		})
	}

	console.log('2')

	if (submitting.value) return
	submitting.value = true

	try {
		// 29.password 密码维护接口
		const res = await ajax.post({
			url: 'password',
			data: {
				id: form.id,         // 有 id 为修改，无 id 为新建，后端按你的约定处理
				password: form.password,
				type: form.type      // 1 手势 2 文字
				// 如接口需要可加 phone、smsCode
				// phone: form.phone,
				// smsCode: form.smsCode
			}
		})

		console.log(res, '设置密码结果')

		if (res?.data?.result === 'success') {
			// 如果接口会返回新的 id，则更新本地 id
			if (res?.data?.id) {
				form.id = res.data.id
			}
			showToast('密码设置成功', 'success')
			setTimeout(() => {
				navigateBack()
			}, 600)
		} else {
			showToast(res?.data?.msg || '密码设置失败', 'error')
		}
	} catch (error) {
		console.error('passwordMaintenance error:', error)
		showToast('网络异常，请稍后重试', 'error')
	} finally {
		submitting.value = false
	}
}

// 页面参数初始化
onLoad((options) => {
	if (options) {
		form.id = options.id || ''
		if (options.password) form.password = options.password
		if (options.phone) form.phone = options.phone
		form.type = Number(options.type || 2)
	}
})

onMounted(() => {
	statusBarHeight.value = getStatusBarHeight()
	headerBarHeight.value = getTitleBarHeight()
})

onBeforeUnmount(() => {
	if (timer) {
		clearInterval(timer)
		timer = null
	}
})
</script>

<style lang="scss" scoped>
@import '@/assets/styles/global.scss';

.app-container {
	background: #f2f2f2;
	min-height: 100vh;
}

.content {
	min-height: 100vh;
	position: relative;
}

.overlay {
	position: absolute;
	inset: 0;
	display: flex;
	flex-direction: column;
}

.header {
	width: 100%;
}

.header-inner {
	position: relative;
	display: flex;
	align-items: center;
	justify-content: center;
	height: 100%;
	padding: 0 32rpx;
}

.left-box {
	position: absolute;
	left: 32rpx;
	display: flex;
	align-items: center;
	height: 100%;
}

.center-box {
	display: flex;
	align-items: center;
	justify-content: center;
}

.title-text {
	font-size: 30rpx;
	font-weight: 600;
	color: #2c2c2c;
}

.scroll-container {
	flex: 1;
}

.form-wrapper {
	width: 94%;
	margin: 40rpx auto 80rpx;
	padding: 48rpx 36rpx 56rpx;
	background-color: #f5f5f5;
	border-radius: 24rpx;
	box-shadow: 0 12rpx 32rpx rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
}

.tip-text {
	font-size: 24rpx;
	color: #828282;
	margin-bottom: 30rpx;
}

.sms-row {
	display: flex;
	align-items: center;
	gap: 20rpx;
}

.sms-input {
	flex: 1;
}

.sms-button {
	width: 160rpx;
	height: 84rpx;
	font-size: 26rpx;
	border-radius: 16rpx;
}

.btn-row {
	display: flex;
	justify-content: space-between;
	margin-top: 60rpx;
	gap: 24rpx;
}

.btn-cancel,
.btn-confirm {
	flex: 1;
	height: 88rpx;
	font-size: 28rpx;
	border-radius: 16rpx;
}

.resend-row {
	margin-top: 36rpx;
	display: flex;
	justify-content: flex-end;
}
</style>

关键修复点总结

1. validate 改成 Promise 写法

js
const valid = await formRef.value.validate()

而不是：

js
formRef.value?.validate(async valid => { ... })

这就是你看到只打印 '0' 的根本原因。

2. 补上对 验证码未获取 / 不一致 的校验提示。

3. resetForm 把本地状态都清理干净，并预留了调用 deletePassword 接口的位置（你按实际需求决定要不要调）。

4. smsCode 改回 u-input，跟 u-form 的校验体系更统一。

你可以先直接拷贝这个页面跑一下，如果还有接口字段名、返回结构和你后端不一致的地方，把那几行改成你自己的即可。
如果后面还想加上「验证旧密码」（31.validatePassword）或「根据 consumerSecretPasswordShow 自动带出默认密码类型」，我也可以帮你把那一块一起串起来。