Calculating values
I'm working through the problem by comparing initial and final states of 1 mol of an ideal gas, considering isothermal and external pressure changes, and calculating Q, W, ΔU, ΔH, ΔS, ΔA, and ΔG.
Establishing final pressure
OK, let me see. I’m working through the final pressure being 600 kPa, calculating volumes to explore how the pressure and volume relationship impacts the gas.
Analyzing the process
I’m looking at an irreversible isothermal compression for an ideal gas, noting that ΔU and ΔH are zero. Carefully considering the sign convention for work done by the system during compression.
Calculating work done
I’m working out the work done by the system using Pext×(final volume−initial volume), considering the negative displacement due to compression.
Calculating work
First, I find V1 and V2 in liters. Then, I compute work W by multiplying external pressure by the volume change, giving about 12,378 J.
Calculating work accurately
OK, let me see: the positive value of work means the surroundings are doing work on the system, consistent with the negative sign convention for compression.
Ensuring accurate signs
I'm piecing together the correct signs for work calculations. If the system's volume decreases, it does negative work. Thus, W=Pext×(V1−V2).
Confirming the correct formula
OK, let me see. Going through the work formula: W=−Pext×(V2−V1), I’m making sure it’s consistent with compression and typical sign conventions.
Navigating energy flow
It's interesting to see that the sign convention for work by the system is negative if the system absorbs energy from its surroundings, like during expansion. This principle underlines the conservation of energy.
Setting the convention
I’m mapping out the standard sign convention for work in thermodynamics: W>0 means compression, while W<0 means expansion. This matches the dU=Q+W principle.
Confirming the sign convention
I'm piecing together the compression work formula: W=−Pext×ΔV. For a volume decrease, W is positive, indicating energy transfer is towards the system.
Tracking energy shifts
I’m pulling together Q=ΔU−W. With W positive (compression), Q is negative, indicating that the system releases 12.38 kJ of heat.
Tracking entropy
For an isothermal, non-reversible process, I’m noting the entropy change formula for an ideal gas ΔS=nRln(V2/V1) to define the final state.
Evaluating entropy shift
I’m working through the entropy change, focusing on nRln(V2/V1), to gauge the system's final state, which captures the entropy change for both reversible and non-reversible isothermal processes.
Assessing Helmholtz free energy
I’m figuring out the Helmholtz free energy change, ΔA=−TΔS, concluding that it’s about +4.45 kJ due to the entropy reduction.
Mapping out entropy's final state
It's interesting to see that ΔS is approximately -14.9 J/K. Confirming this, ΔG and ΔA are both about +4.45 kJ, consistent with isothermal processes.
Reasoned about ideal gas thermodynamics for 45 seconds