我将会给你一道题,讲解这道题的最简单解法,讲解的时候应当保证你使用的不同符号使用尽可能少,以及最后给...

Creato il: 8 ottobre 2026

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Domanda

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我将会给你一道题,讲解这道题的最简单解法,讲解的时候应当保证你使用的不同符号使用尽可能少,以及最后给出本题尽可能简洁实现的完整代码(为了 OI 选手可读性,允许在不影响正确性的情况下牺牲一部分运行效率),另外还请总结所有的关键结论或关键步骤(这一点,忽略细枝末节的地方)。

Pensiero

Deriving combinatorial solutions

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Consulting policies

Consulting policies

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Worked for 7m 11s

Risposta

可以用 一个二维区间 DP,时间复杂度 O(n3)O(n^3),空间复杂度 O(n2)O(n^2)。

关键是先把弦图变成一棵有序三叉树,再利用只有两种颜色,将三叉合并变成二叉合并。

一、把弦图变成有序三叉树

先区分两张图:题目中的图以“弦”为顶点;下面我们直接在几何图形上,把交点作为顶点,把弦分割成线段作为边。

对于一个合法方案,弦的相交图是一棵树,所以恰有 n−1n-1 对弦相交。也不可能有三条弦交于同一点,否则它们会形成三角形。

因此,分割后的几何图形:

  • 有 2n+(n−1)=3n−12n+(n-1)=3n-1 个顶点。
  • 有 n+2(n−1)=3n−2n+2(n-1)=3n-2 条边,因为每个交点把两条弦各多分出一条边。
  • 是连通的。

顶点数比边数多一,所以它仍然是一棵树。

现在,以圆周上的点 11 为根。每个交点的度数为 44,去掉通向父亲的方向后,恰好有三个孩子。三个孩子按照圆周顺序排列,称为左、中、右。

删去根叶子 11 及其连接边,剩下的就是一棵有序三叉树,叶子依次为:

2,3,…,2n.2,3,\ldots,2n.

在每个交点处,原来的两条弦如何穿过,是确定的:

通向父亲的边与中间孩子连通,左孩子与右孩子连通。

此外,每棵子树的叶子都构成一个连续区间,这就有了区间 DP 的基础。

这个分解是可逆的:按上述规则贯通各条边,就得到叶子的配对。树上的两条贯通路径不可能相交两次,否则会产生环;它们相交恰好对应端点交错,因此改画成直弦后,相交关系不变。分解始终从根弦遇到的第一个交点开始,所以也不会重复计数。

二、利用颜色,把三叉树变成二叉树

1. 一棵子树只需要记录一个颜色

考虑三叉树中的任意一棵子树。

它只有一条边通向外面,所以恰好有一个叶子的配对尚未在子树内部完成,其余叶子都已经红蓝配对。把这个尚未配对的叶子的颜色,称为这棵子树的颜色。

将红色记为 +1+1,蓝色记为 −1-1。

于是:

红色子树的叶子之和为 +1+1,蓝色子树的叶子之和为 −1-1。

因此不需要另外开一维记录颜色,区间和已经决定了颜色。

2. 每次三叉合并,都有唯一的二叉拆法

根据交点处的连接方式:

左、右孩子必须异色;中间孩子的颜色,就是合并后子树的颜色。

例如,合并后的颜色为红色时,三个孩子的颜色只能是:

text
R R B B R R

蓝色的情况完全对称。

注意:三个孩子中,恰好有一对相邻的同色孩子。

先合并这两个同色孩子,再与另一个孩子合并:

text
R R B → (R R) B B R R → B (R R)

这样,一个三叉结点就被唯一地拆成了两个二叉结点。

其中,临时合并两个同色孩子得到的结点,叶子之和为 +2+2 或 −2-2;原来的三叉结点,叶子之和仍为 +1+1 或 −1-1。

所以问题变成了:

统计叶子依次为 2,3,…,2n2,3,\ldots,2n 的有序满二叉树,要求每个结点对应的子树叶子之和,绝对值都只能是 11 或 22。

这里“满二叉树”指每个非叶结点恰好有两个孩子。

3. 为什么这个限制也足够?

假设每棵子树的和都只能是 1,−1,2,−21,-1,2,-2。

如果一个结点的和为 22,那么两个孩子的和只能是:

2=1+1.2=1+1.

如果一个结点的和为 11,那么只能是:

1=2+(−1)或1=(−1)+2.1=2+(-1) \quad\text{或}\quad 1=(-1)+2.

负数的情况完全对称。

这正好对应上面的:

text
(R R) B B (R R)

因此,将和的绝对值为 22 的结点并入父亲,就能唯一恢复合法的三叉结点。

也就是说,三叉树与满足上述区间和限制的二叉树一一对应。

三、区间 DP

设:

f[l][r]f[l][r]

表示以区间 [l,r][l,r] 为叶子的、满足上述限制的二叉树数量。

用 pp 表示颜色数值的前缀和,则区间和为:

p[r]−p[l−1].p[r]-p[l-1].

初始状态

单个叶子只有一种结构:

f[i][i]=1.f[i][i]=1.

转移

如果区间和的绝对值不是 11 或 22,这个区间不可能成为一棵合法子树:

f[l][r]=0.f[l][r]=0.

否则,枚举根结点的左右子树分界:

f[l][r]=∑k=lr−1f[l][k]⋅f[k+1][r]\boxed{ f[l][r]=\sum_{k=l}^{r-1}f[l][k]\cdot f[k+1][r] }

不需要再判断左右孩子的颜色。

因为不合法的子区间已经是 00;而只要父亲和两个孩子的区间和都属于 1,−1,2,−21,-1,2,-2,就必然符合上一节列出的合法合并方式。

最终答案

我们固定把点 11 当作根,所以答案是:

f[2][2n].\boxed{f[2][2n]}.

全部点的颜色数值之和为 00,因此区间 [2,2n][2,2n] 的和一定与点 11 异号,最后剩下的那个未配对点恰好可以与点 11 配对。

固定点 11 只是为了唯一地分解方案,不需要乘或除任何系数。

共有 O(n2)O(n^2) 个区间,每个区间枚举 O(n)O(n) 个分界,故时间复杂度为 O(n3)O(n^3),空间复杂度为 O(n2)O(n^2)。

四、完整代码

cpp
#include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; const int MOD = 998244353; int f[1005][1005], p[1005]; int main() { ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(nullptr); int n; string s; cin >> n >> s; int m = 2 * n; s = " " + s; for (int i = 1; i <= m; ++i) { p[i] = p[i - 1] + (s[i] == 'R' ? 1 : -1); f[i][i] = 1; } // 固定点 1 为根,只计算区间 [2, m] 内的状态。 for (int len = 2; len < m; ++len) { for (int l = 2, r = l + len - 1; r <= m; ++l, ++r) { int d = abs(p[r] - p[l - 1]); if (d == 0 || d > 2) continue; for (int k = l; k < r; ++k) { f[l][r] = (f[l][r] + 1LL * f[l][k] * f[k + 1][r]) % MOD; } } } cout << f[2][m] << '\n'; return 0; }

关键结论总结

  1. 将实际交点作为顶点后,合法弦图仍然是一棵树。 固定点 11 为根,可以得到叶子顺序固定的有序三叉树。
  2. 每棵三叉子树恰好留下一个未配对端点。 所以红蓝数量差为 +1+1 或 −1-1,颜色不需要额外记录。
  3. 交点的左右孩子必须异色。 三个孩子中相邻的同色对唯一,先合并它们,就得到一一对应的二叉树;所有子树的颜色和只能为 ±1,±2\pm1,\pm2。
  4. 最终只需普通的区间二分转移。 区间和不满足限制就置零,否则计算 f[l][r]=∑f[l][k]f[k+1][r],f[l][r]=\sum f[l][k]f[k+1][r], 答案为 f[2][2n]f[2][2n]。

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