Below is a summary in English of notable experiments or observations related to particles traveling at or faster than the speed of light, along with key data points. At the end, a Chinese translation is provided.

1. OPERA Neutrino Experiment (2011)

Location and Setup: The OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus) experiment was located at the Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, detecting neutrinos produced at CERN (near Geneva, Switzerland). The distance between the two sites is approximately 730 km.
Initial Result:
In 2011, the OPERA collaboration reported that neutrinos appeared to arrive about 60 nanoseconds earlier than light would in a vacuum over the same distance. This implied a faster-than-light measurement by roughly (v − c)/c ≈ 2.5 × 10^-^5, or 0.0025% faster than the speed of light.
Later Correction:
Subsequent investigations revealed two main experimental errors:
1. A faulty fiber-optic cable connection.
2. An oscillator providing the wrong timing reference.
  After correcting these errors, neutrinos were found to travel at a speed consistent with c, within experimental uncertainties. No superluminal travel remained after error correction.
Conclusion:
The initial claim of faster-than-light neutrinos was withdrawn, and the standard result that neutrinos travel just under (or effectively at) the speed of light was reaffirmed.

2. MINOS Neutrino Experiment (2007, Updated 2012)

Location and Setup: The MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) experiment at Fermilab sent neutrinos to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota, USA, covering about 735 km.
Measured Speeds:
In 2007, MINOS reported that neutrinos traveled at a speed consistent with c, but the uncertainty was relatively large. The experiment’s initial margin of error allowed for a small possibility of superluminal speed but was statistically inconclusive.
Refined Measurements (2012):
After improvements, the MINOS team measured neutrino velocity more accurately and found no evidence for superluminal speeds. The results indicated neutrinos travel extremely close to c, within the uncertainties of the measurement.
Conclusion:
Neutrino velocity is consistent with the speed of light, and there is no verified faster-than-light behavior.

3. Supernova 1987A Neutrinos (1987)

Observation:
When Supernova 1987A exploded in the Large Magellanic Cloud (about 168,000 light-years away), neutrinos were detected on Earth a few hours before the supernova’s visible light was observed.
Reasoning:
Although neutrinos arrived earlier, this does not imply superluminal travel. The mechanism of a supernova causes neutrinos to be emitted before most of the electromagnetic radiation escapes the stellar core. The speed measurement itself was consistent with at or slightly below c within experimental limits.
Conclusion:
The early arrival of neutrinos can be explained by astrophysical processes and does not confirm faster-than-light motion.

4. Cherenkov Radiation in a Medium

What It Is:
Cherenkov radiation is emitted when a charged particle travels faster than the local speed of light in a medium such as water or glass.
Key Point:
The speed of light in a vacuum (c) is the universal limit. In a medium, light travels slower than c. A particle can exceed the reduced light speed in that medium, causing Cherenkov radiation. However, this does not violate relativity because the particle still does not exceed c in a vacuum.
Example:
In water, light travels at about 0.75c. A high-energy electron can move at ~0.99c (in vacuum) and still enter water at roughly 0.99c, thus being faster than the ~0.75c of light in water, producing the characteristic blue glow of Cherenkov radiation.
Conclusion:
No actual violation of the speed of light in vacuum; this is strictly a medium-dependent phenomenon.

5. Photons Traveling at the Speed of Light

Fundamental Principle:
Photons (light particles) in a vacuum always move at exactly c (approximately 3.00 × 10^8 m/s).
Experiments and Data:
Countless experiments confirm that electromagnetic radiation (in vacuum) moves at c, including Michelson–Morley (1887) and modern variants using lasers and highly precise clocks. No deviation from c for photons has ever been observed.
Conclusion:
Photons in vacuum define the speed of light limit, and they consistently travel at c.

Summary of Experimental Data

OPERA Neutrino Experiment (2011)
- Reported superluminal speed: ~2.5 × 10^-^5 above c
- Later corrected: Measurement error; result consistent with c
MINOS Neutrino Experiment
- Early measurements: Possible slight superluminal result within large uncertainties
- Improved data: Speed consistent with c, no superluminal evidence
Supernova 1987A Neutrinos
- Early arrival vs. light explained by emission timing, not by v > c
- Measured neutrino speed consistent with c
Cherenkov Radiation
- Particles exceed light’s speed in a medium but not c in vacuum
Photons
- Universally measured at c in vacuum
- No confirmed experiment shows photons traveling faster than c in vacuum

Overall Conclusion

No modern, peer-reviewed experiment has confirmed any particle traveling faster than the speed of light in vacuum.
Any initial claims of superluminal travel (such as OPERA’s 2011 result) have been retracted or explained by experimental errors.
Particles like neutrinos can travel extremely close to c, and photons consistently travel at c in vacuum.
Cherenkov radiation is sometimes described colloquially as “faster than light,” but it only applies to speeds greater than light’s speed in a given medium, not in vacuum.

中文翻译

以下是与粒子以光速或超光速运动相关的著名实验或观测的英文概述以及主要数据点，最后附有中文翻译。

1. OPERA 中微子实验（2011 年）

地点与装置：OPERA（Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus）位于意大利的格兰萨索实验室，用于检测在欧洲核子研究中心（CERN，瑞士日内瓦附近）产生的中微子。两地相距约 730 公里。
初始结果：
2011 年，OPERA 团队报告在测量中微子从 CERN 到格兰萨索的飞行时间时，中微子比光在真空中飞行同样距离所需时间早到约 60 纳秒。这意味着中微子速度比光速快约 2.5×10^-^5（0.0025%）。
后续修正：
后续调查发现两个主要实验误差：
1. 光纤连接松动。
2. 用于计时参考的振荡器异常。
  修正以上误差后，中微子速度结果与光速（c）一致，并没有出现超光速现象。
结论：
起初声称的超光速中微子结果最终被撤回；修正后与标准理论一致，即中微子速度非常接近或略低于光速。

2. MINOS 中微子实验（2007 年，2012 年更新）

地点与装置：MINOS（Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search）实验在美国费米实验室（Fermilab）进行，将中微子发射至位于明尼苏达州苏丹矿井（约 735 公里）。
速度测量：
2007 年，MINOS 报告中微子速度与光速大体相符，但误差范围较大，在统计上允许小幅超光速的可能，但数据不具决定性。
改进测量（2012 年）：
随着实验精度提升，MINOS 实验未发现中微子超光速的证据，表明中微子速度仍与光速非常接近，在实验不确定性范围内不支持超光速。
结论：
中微子速度与光速相符，无确凿超光速证据。

3. 1987A 超新星中微子（1987 年）

观测：
1987 年，大麦哲伦星云（距地球约 16.8 万光年）中的 1987A 超新星爆发时，中微子探测器比观测到可见光早数小时收到中微子。
原因：
中微子率先到达并不意味着其速度超越光速，而是因为超新星爆发机制导致中微子比电磁辐射更早穿透并逃逸到外部空间。实际测量显示中微子速度仍与光速（或略低于光速）相符，并无超光速证据。
结论：
中微子早到是由天体物理机制决定，并非超光速。

4. 切伦科夫辐射（介质中的“超光速”）

原理：
当带电粒子在某种介质（如水、玻璃）中的运动速度超过该介质中光的传播速度时，就会发射切伦科夫辐射。
关键点：
真空中光速 c 是不可超越的上限。在介质中，光速低于 c；当粒子以接近 c 的速度进入介质，若其速度大于光在该介质中的速度，就会产生切伦科夫辐射。这并不违反相对论，因为粒子仍没有超过真空光速 c。
示例：
在水中，光速约为 0.75c。如果高能电子在真空中的速度约为 0.99c，进入水后仍可保持接近 0.99c 的速度，则会超过光在水中的速度（约 0.75c），从而发出蓝色的切伦科夫辐射。
结论：
切伦科夫辐射并非真正意义上的超越真空光速，而是粒子速度超过介质中光速。

5. 光子以光速传播

基本原理：
光子（光量子）在真空中总是以光速 c（约 3.00×10^8 m/s）运动。
实验与数据：
无数实验（如 1887 年的迈克尔逊-莫雷实验及后续现代激光干涉实验）均证实电磁波在真空中的传播速度为 c，未发现任何背离。
结论：
光子在真空中定义了光速的极限，其速度始终为 c。

实验数据汇总

OPERA 中微子实验（2011 年）
- 报告超光速：约比光速快 2.5×10^-^5
- 后续修正：测量误差，速度与光速一致
MINOS 中微子实验
- 早期结果：在较大误差范围内可能存在轻微超光速可能性
- 改进数据：无超光速证据，与光速相符
1987A 超新星中微子
- 中微子先于光数小时到达由爆发机制决定
- 实际测量速度与光速相符
切伦科夫辐射
- 粒子在介质中速度超过该介质中光速
- 并未超过真空光速 c
光子
- 在真空中总是以 c 传播
- 未有任何实验证实光子可超过 c

总体结论

目前没有任何经同行评审后被广泛接受的实验证实任何粒子能在真空中超越光速。
所谓的“超光速”发现（如 2011 年 OPERA 中微子结果）已被证实是实验误差。
中微子可达到极接近光速的速度，光子在真空中恒为光速。
切伦科夫辐射仅表现为在介质中超越该介质中的光速，但并未突破真空光速。

Prepared by ChatGPT

用英文列举出所有粒子超光速或与光速一致的实验，并分别给出具体的实验数据，最后给出中文翻译

Domanda

Pensiero

Risposta